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Authentication problems []
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Internal private group []
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Linux on Apple Hardware []
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Linux on QNAP Hardware []
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware []
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Answers
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Why write my own if an excelent reference exists in the Mac Mini Wiki.
Some other sites are listed here:
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 29 August 2007 @ 22:43:37
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Authentication problems - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 92074
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It's because it really is an AUDIO IN PORT, not a low voltage MICROPHONE PORT!
It requires 1 V pp line level voltages, and you bought an off the shelf dynamic microphone that only puts out a few millivolts.
You'll need something that brings the microphone levels up to line level. You could use an old cassette deck with MIC IN and HEADPHONE OUT in a pinch, or use a dedicated MIC amp that bumps up the signal level.
Old Macs like the LC III and such did use a basic MIC INPUT port, but later Macs switched to LINE INPUT so they'd work with signals coming from stereo systems, etc. Apple made a LINE LEVEL MIC with an extra long tip that gets power off an extra contact point in Mac models even as recent as a G4 tower .
The real question is, did Apple keep backward support for this microphone? If so, is it possible to find one? However, you'd lose your advantages of a headset microphone...
The best solution so far is the iMic which provides all required interfaces to plug in a standard headset. Details about the Linux support can be found here
Remember, the port is actually a STEREO INPUT port, so this may also mean you would need to use some STEREO to MONO adapters or find a software setting that will put one channel across both left and right as a MONO signal.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 13 September 2007 @ 22:55:29
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Authentication problems - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 91925
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Note - in case you use Ubuntu 11.04 - you don't need to do this - it works out of the box already.
If a btusb module is loaded - unload it first with
sudo rmmod btusb
Download and install this debian package: btusb-dkms_0.0.1_all.deb
Install the extracted deb file. Problem is that this file is made for older kernels. So - all we do - is install it, and replace the btusb.c file later to avoid the error.
Install with
sudo dpkg -i btusb-dkms_0.0.1_all.deb
Download the replacement btusb.c and replace /usr/src/btusb-0.0.1/btusb.c with it.
After that, run compile and install the new module in the terminal, using this as a guideline:
sudo dkms remove -m btusb -v 0.0.1 --all
sudo dkms add -m btusb -v 0.0.1
sudo dkms build -m btusb -v 0.0.1
sudo dkms install -m btusb -v 0.0.1
sudo modprobe btusb
Finally, restart the bluetooth service with:
sudo service bluetooth start
You can get rid of the dpkg error message by downloading the following file and copying it to /usr/src. Run sudo apt-get install -f to remove installer error message.
Note - the data and the code on this page has been copied from Mac Book Pro/Ubuntu Maverick thread, as I'm too lazy to remember the Link every time I have to fix it on my mac mini. So - Thx to the community for the info.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 20 October 2010 @ 17:15:08
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Authentication problems - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 80184
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[ 8,570 bytes - application/x-deb ] [ 28,166 bytes - text/x-csrc ] [ 6,813 bytes - application/x-gzip ]
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It showed after some testing, that the maximum Interface speed, by not using the builtin Bridge Chip - is around 10.4Mbps (Mega Bits per second), This makes roughly 1.3MiBytes/s. The limitation is due to the CPU Speed which is running at 175MHz. At that speed though CPU utilization hits 100% - while the CPU is at this level - not many manipulations are possible fluently.
The Graphs on the right show this very nicely. On top - WLan, after that the Ether3 interface - server the 4GB Download was done from, and on the bottom the CPU Load in % during the file transfer. You can see very nicely that the CPU barely leaves the 100% mark..
I have noticed that through PPPoE (Bridge to the ether1 Device) 13.4MBits/s have been transferred. So - it seems the PCI-Bus is costing also some resources to the RB153 Board.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 14 March 2008 @ 17:17:53
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Configuration - Routerboard RBxxxAH, # Hits: 96547
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[ 11,487 bytes - image/png ] [ 11,208 bytes - image/png ] [ 10,803 bytes - image/png ]
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Check out the specs of the RouterBoard RB153.
It's actually a very neat little piece of hardware. Small, efficient, low-power.
Only drawback is that the CPU is not able to power the full bandwidth the interfaces provide - thus if you really need 54MBit bandwidth - you should go over to the RB53x Series - which have the same CPU at 400MHz, able to handle the bandwidth.
- CPU: MIPS32 4Kc, 175MHz embedded
- Memory: 32MB SDRAM
- Storage: 64MB onboard NAND memory chip
- 5 x 10/100 Mbit/s fast ethernet ports with auto MDI/X
- 3 x MiniPCI Type IIIA/IIIB slots
- 1x 2.4/5GHz 802.11a+b+g High Power Wireless Mini-PCI Card (R52H)
- Onboard speaker
- Serial: One DB9 RS232C asynchronous serial port
- LEDs: Power, 3 LED pairs for MiniPCI slots, 1 user LED
- Power options: 11..60V power jack or IEEE802.3af power over ethernet (12V / 48V DC not for use with power over datalines)
- Power out: One 3V DC power output header, max. power output 500mA
- Power consumption: 3-4W without any addon cards. Max. 13W
- Dimensions: 160mm x 160mm (6.3in x 6.3in)
- Weight: 183g (6.5oz)
- Operating temperature: -20°C to +70°C (-4°F to 158°F)
- Humidity: 70% relative humidity (non-condensing)
- OS Support: RouterOS, GNU/Linux
You can have a view on the internals of mine.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 14 March 2008 @ 17:23:47
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Configuration - Routerboard RBxxxAH, # Hits: 96402
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[ 23,906 bytes - image/jpeg ]
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In case you are repartitioning a drive - the UUID's (Universally Unique Identifier) get changed. This is more and more important as many devices today support hot-plugging or are external.
You have several ways to identify the partitions. 2 of these are here. A simple way is the following:
$ ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/
458b1af6-46e4-4980-8dab-ceaa2083459a -> ../../sda3
6c80c066-08ad-4c22-9366-fe10ff8350e2 -> ../../sda2
d18ad271-6831-4b83-980f-fe919ff65fd1 -> ../../sda1
will list you all UUID linked to the proper old known devices.
A call as Root of blkid will provide you the UUID of your harddisk.
$ sudo blkid
[sudo] password for jmertin:
/dev/sda1: LABEL="ROOT" UUID="d18ad271-6831-4b83-980f-fe919ff65fd1" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"
/dev/sda2: TYPE="swap" UUID="6c80c066-08ad-4c22-9366-fe10ff8350e2"
/dev/sda3: UUID="458b1af6-46e4-4980-8dab-ceaa2083459a" SEC_TYPE="ext2" TYPE="ext3"
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 19 May 2008 @ 22:53:47
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Configuration - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 96109
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It's quite easy to do so. You just require fdisk and ntfsresize (Check your software repositories to have both installed. fdisk usually is).
With fdisk -l /dev/sda you can make a backup of start/end points of your actual setup. As long as you don't format the partitions - all is safe.
Example output would be
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 2550 20482843+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2 2551 7415 39078112+ af Unknown
/dev/sda3 7416 10000 20764012+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 10001 24321 115033432+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 10001 10262 2104452 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6 10263 13041 22322286 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 13042 19121 48837568+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 19122 24321 41768968+ 83 Linux
In this case - delete partition 2 - and replace the end boundary of partition 1:
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 2550 39078112+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
After that - just run ntfsresize with:
ntfsresize /dev/sda1
It will automatically adapt the ntfs journal and size informations to the new size and schedule a filesystem check for the next Windows XP Start.
Windows - after starting up - will want to restart as it has discovered new hardware (the bigger disk). After that restart - you're done.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 19 March 2009 @ 10:23:06
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Configuration - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 93668
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Use the dmidecode programm. Without arguments, it will dump loads of data. To limit it - try this:
~$ sudo dmidecode -s system-manufacturer
LENOVO
~$ sudo dmidecode -s system-product-name
64585KG
~$ sudo dmidecode -s system-version
ThinkPad T61p
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 19 January 2009 @ 20:48:46
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Configuration - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 93646
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Disabling Spotlight
- Launch Terminal and type the following: sudo nano /etc/hostconfig
- Navigate using the arrow keys down the following entry: SPOTLIGHT=-YES-
- Change SPOTLIGHT=-YES- to SPOTLIGHT=-NO- and save it.
- Next, you'll want to disable the index by typing the following in the Terminal:
mdutil -i off /
And to erase the current Spotlight index, type:
mdutil -E /
Re-Enable Spotlight
- follow the same steps as above, but change SPOTLIGHT=-NO- to SPOTLIGHT=-YES-
- type mdutil -i on / in the Terminal
- Reboot, and Spotlight is back as usual
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 14 May 2009 @ 12:06:54
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Configuration - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 86338
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The issue with the Mac Mini 2,1 is that while it has an x64 processor (Core 2 Duo), it has a 32-bit EFI implementation. So getting a boot-loader to load an EFI loader is not that easy. Below are some links to help handling this:
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Entered by admin on Thursday, 12 May 2016 @ 20:27:01
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Configuration - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 33728
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To use a crypted Filesystem - you first need to actually create it. I came accross an article showing me how to do it using cryptsetup. Check it out under http://luks.endorphin.org. Note that this is the upcoming standard for filesystem encryption under linux
LUKS was designed according to TKS1, a template design developed in [TKS1] for secure key setup. LUKS closely reassembles the structure recommended in the TKS1 paper, but also adds meta data for cipher setup management and LUKS also supports for multipe keys/passphrases.
Why LUKS?
- compatiblity via standardization,
- secure against low entropy attacks,
- support for multiple keys,
- effective passphrase revocation,
- free
For creating the Crypted Filesystem - I assume using the /dev/sda1 device (USB-Drive). Replace all instances of sda1 with the device you require.:
modprobe aes
modprobe dm-crypt
cryptsetup -c aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 -y -s 256 luksFormat /dev/sda1
WARNING!
========
This will overwrite data on /dev/sda1 irrevocably.
Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES
Enter LUKS passphrase:
Verify passphrase:
cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sda1 cryptfs
Enter LUKS passphrase:
key slot 0 unlocked.
mke2fs -j -m 0 /dev/mapper/cryptfs
[...Formatting informations removed...]
tune2fs -c 0 -i 0 /dev/mapper/cryptfs
mkdir /cryptfs
mount /dev/mapper/cryptfs /cryptfs
This will setup up your crypted Partition and mount it under /cryptfs.
Unmount the Partition and lock the encrypted Filesystem cleanly for security
umount /cryptfs
cryptsetup luksClose cryptfs
and you're done. If you now want to add some more passwords - use cryptsetup to do so:
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/sda1
Enter any LUKS passphrase:
key slot 0 unlocked.
Enter new passphrase for key slot:
This added a new passphrase. Remove it using a similar command.
cryptsetup luksDelKey /dev/sda1 1
where 1 is the slot the key was stored in. Make sure you don't erase your master Key ... Would be bad if you couldn't access the encrypted FS anymore.
As I'm lazy to remember all that - I usually write wrapper scripts I use at home for mounting these devices. Check it out in the
donwload section.
Usage: mount_crypted.sh
This Program manipulates crypted partitions
mount Mount a crypted partition
umount Unmount a crypted partition
addkey Add a new access key to the encrypted
delkey remove a key from the encrypted - don't use 0
Filesystem/Partition. 8 Max.
new_partition Create a new encrypted partition
* Warning - this will destroy all data on it
device Device to work on. e.g. /dev/sda1
enc_module Encryption module. Usually aes, or padlock if you have
a padlock accellerator chip as found on recent VIA Nemiah CPU's
Examples:
mount_crypted.sh new_partition /dev/sda1 aes
mount_crypted.sh mount /dev/sda1 aes
mount_crypted.sh addkey /dev/sda1
mount_crypted.sh delkey /dev/sda1 aes 2
mount_crypted.sh umount /dev/sda1
In case someone screws his partition - and needs a static version - check this static version of cryptsetup out.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 01 February 2006 @ 22:52:21
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Cryptography stuff - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 107612
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Display the contents of a certificate:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -text
Display the certificate serial number:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -serial
Display the certificate subject name:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject
Display the certificate subject name in RFC2253 form:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt RFC2253
Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal supporting UTF8:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -subject -nameopt oneline,-escmsb
Display the certificate MD5 fingerprint:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint
Display the certificate SHA1 fingerprint:
#openssl x509 -sha1 -in cert.pem -noout -fingerprint
Convert a certificate from PEM to DER format:
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -inform PEM -out cert.der -outform DER
Convert a certificate to a certificate request:
#openssl x509 -x509toreq -in cert.pem -out req.pem -signkey key.pem
Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using extensions for a CA:
#openssl x509 -req -in careq.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_ca -signkey key.pem -out cacert.pem
Sign a certificate request using the CA certificate above and add user certificate extensions:
#openssl x509 -req -in req.pem -extfile openssl.cnf -extensions v3_usr -CA cacert.pem -CAkey key.pem -CAcreateserial
Set a certificate to be trusted for SSL client use and change set its alias to ``Steve's Class 1 CA''
#openssl x509 -in cert.pem -addtrust clientAuth -setalias "Steve's Class 1 CA" -out trust.pem
To convert a certificate from PEM to DER:
#openssl x509 -in input.crt -inform PEM -out output.crt -outform DER
To convert a certificate from DER to PEM:
#openssl x509 -in input.crt -inform DER -out output.crt -outform PEM
To convert a key from PEM to DER:
#openssl rsa -in input.key -inform PEM -out output.key -outform DER
To convert a key from DER to PEM:
#openssl rsa -in input.key -inform DER -out output.key -outform PEM
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 26 March 2007 @ 21:00:18
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Cryptography stuff - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98312
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First - make sure you have the openssl package installed and have created a local Certification authority.
When talking about fqdn - the Full Qualified Domain Naeme is meant. This - to ensure you find your certificates after - and link them to the right service/site.
After that - create a private key with:
openssl genrsa -aes128 512/1024 > fqdn.key
Generating RSA private key, 512 bit long modulus
......................++++++++++++
....++++++++++++
e is 65537 (0x10001)
This will ask you for a password. If for any reason you don't want a password to be entered every time you want to use the certificate - skip the -aes128 part.
Once the Key created - you need to create a certification request
openssl req -new -key fqdn.key > fqdn.csr
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
-----
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:US
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:New York
Locality Name (eg, city) []:New York
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:Internet Widgits Pty Ltd
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Demo Certificate Creation
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:www.newyork.com
Email Address []:postmaster@newyork.com
Please enter the following 'extra' attributes
to be sent with your certificate request
A challenge password []:
An optional company name []:
Make sure the Common Name matches the Full Qualified Domain name of the Service you want to use the certificate for. Once the request created - you need to let your local CA sign the certificate using:
openssl ca -policy policy_anything -out fqdn.crt -infiles fqdn.csr
[... Loads of stuff removed ...]
Certificate is to be certified until Dec 29 09:29:23 2006 GMT (365 days)
Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y
1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y
Now you're done. If you're looking to create a pem-file - here is a little help for it - used b.e. to create a Key for Cyrus-Imap.
dd if=/dev/urandom of=random.rnd count=1
openssl req -new -x509 -days 365 -nodes -out fqdn.pem -keyout fqdn.pem
openssl gendh -rand random.rnd 512 >> fqdn.pem
openssl x509 -subject -dates -fingerprint -noout -in fqdn.pem
This will generate you a fine certificate for use with cyrus.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 01 February 2006 @ 22:53:06
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Cryptography stuff - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98204
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The easyest way would be to go on it with a web-browser.
However - openssl provides a very nice tool for handling exactly this.
Check out the options of:
openssl s_client -connect [IP Address]:PORT
$ openssl s_client -connect www.microsoft.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 /CN=Microsoft Internet Authority
verify error:num=20:unable to get local issuer certificate
verify return:0
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=washington/L=Redmond/O=Microsoft/OU=mscom/CN=www.microsoft.com
i:/DC=com/DC=microsoft/DC=corp/DC=redmond/CN=Microsoft Secure Server Authority
1 s:/DC=com/DC=microsoft/DC=corp/DC=redmond/CN=Microsoft Secure Server Authority
i:/CN=Microsoft Internet Authority
2 s:/CN=Microsoft Internet Authority
i:/C=US/O=GTE Corporation/OU=GTE CyberTrust Solutions, Inc./CN=GTE CyberTrust Global Root
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=washington/L=Redmond/O=Microsoft/OU=mscom/CN=www.microsoft.com
issuer=/DC=com/DC=microsoft/DC=corp/DC=redmond/CN=Microsoft Secure Server Authority
---
No client certificate CA names sent
---
SSL handshake has read 4078 bytes and written 316 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is AES128-SHA
Server public key is 1024 bit
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1
Cipher : AES128-SHA
Session-ID: 860400006196E94CAEE25E39784C3F1BC2906EDEF26C047F91CB4C6FAB7CC313
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: FE88DF3710EE1DBE6A69F841178D9612C7FD24F3B693CBED4FAD0B3866E88DE728F90D8228DB2A3A909A80FA5CDE7F54
Key-Arg : None
Start Time: 1206022615
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 20 (unable to get local issuer certificate)
---
After that - you can get the data as wanted, b.e. GET / HTTP/1.0 with 2xENTER.
here are also options like -no_tls1 and -no_ssl2 that let you specify which version of SSL/TLS that you want to connect with.
The -showcerts and -debug options are also very nice - especially if some issue exist with the certificate.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 20 March 2008 @ 15:18:12
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Cryptography stuff - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 97262
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There are indeed using openssl:
openssl x509 -in cacert.pem -noout -purpose -subject
will return you an entire bunch of capabilities your certificate works with.
openssl x509 -in cert.pem -noout -purpose -subject
Certificate purposes:
SSL client : Yes
SSL client CA : Yes
SSL server : Yes
SSL server CA : Yes
Netscape SSL server : Yes
Netscape SSL server CA : Yes
S/MIME signing : Yes
S/MIME signing CA : Yes
S/MIME encryption : Yes
S/MIME encryption CA : Yes
CRL signing : Yes
CRL signing CA : Yes
Any Purpose : Yes
Any Purpose CA : Yes
OCSP helper : Yes
OCSP helper CA : Yes
subject= /C=DE/ST=Bayern/L=City/O=OrganizationOU=Home/CN=xxxxxxx.xxxxxxx.xxx/emailAddress=xxxxxxx@xxxxxxxxx.xxx
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 14 November 2008 @ 16:15:21
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Cryptography stuff - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 95277
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The certificate itself is valid. The Certification Authority actually
is one I have created myself - so my own certification authority. What is more secure than the key's you have signed yourself ? Even a third party certification authority would not provide me that level of sdecurity.
And the most secure Certificate is actually the one you sign yourself, of course with High-Bit encryption. Check the certificate Details and the CA Details. You'll notice that the same person issued them on this site.
Main reason is I also choosed to sign my key's myself is that for some path's I require a valid client-side certificate - signed by the same CA the WebServer is signed. So - I don't really have a choice. A Verisign Certificate for 1 Server and 1 Client would cost me more than 3000 US$ ... That's defenitly too much for a Hobby.
Note that several Signing authorities have been compromised in the past to
start phishing attacks. I had the choice to buy a Cheap Certificate
Signing, or do it myself.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 13 May 2008 @ 21:36:05
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Cryptography stuff - PHP Phobos, # Hits: 82438
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The following formats are supported out of the Box:
* EPUB
* BBeB Book
* PDF
* RTF
* TXT
In case you have eBooks in other formats - you will have to convert these.
Best is the tool "Calibre" which runs under Linux/Mac OS-X/Windows using Python.
However it will not convert all formats.
For all converting eBook's from other formats. I has avered that runnig the html-output through tidy - produces a way better output in LRF or ePub after it has been sanitized by tidy.
NOTE: Due to German Law, I am not allowed to publish the following tools here. Also - providing this information is just a hint for people like me, who buy their secure eBooks, and just want to convert these into a format suitable for their Reading Device !
For the special Secure eReader Format - you will need to find a tool called eReader2html (it's a python script). With this tool, you will be able to convert the Secure eReader format file into a HTML file, which can then be converted to the Sony PRS-505 native LRF format by using Calibre.
For the secure MobiPocket format, seek for mobidedrm in your favorite search machine. For this though, you'll need an ID which you can get by installing a mobipocket-reader software as found on www.mobipocket.com. Once the DRM removed, you can use Calibre to import it into your eBook library.
In case you are still uncertain as what to take, check out the WikiPedia E-Book Conversion entry.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 20 February 2009 @ 17:15:15
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eBooks - eBook Reader / PRS-505, # Hits: 70747
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Yes. Check out Kovid Goyal's libprs500 project supports the Sony PRS-505/500 and it's GUI frontend Calibre.
It has very good version tools allowing people to convert eBooks previously stored in HTML, PDF, TXT, Microsoft Reader (.lit), IDPF/Open eBook (.epub) into Sony's format, and with a little bit of search on Google - you may also find a converter for the Secure eReader format.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 20 February 2009 @ 17:23:00
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eBooks - eBook Reader / PRS-505, # Hits: 70471
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This is indeed possible. Check out the PRSCustomizer which allows you to partly modify the features of the PRS-505, and also add you personal Details to the About section of that device.
A more detailed information (in German language though) can be found in this Forum Thread.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 20 February 2009 @ 17:27:27
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eBooks - eBook Reader / PRS-505, # Hits: 70340
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Check out the nice page on LiPo batteries explaining all details about them A Guide to Understanding LiPo Batteries
- B1 - Deans (T) type main connector - Female & Male. Used for main connection to speed controllers and motors. Used for medium to high current draw. HOBBYWING chooses this connection mainly
- B2 - JST / BEC type main connector - Female & Male. Used for main connection to speed controllers and motors. Used for low current draw
- B3 - Tamiya main battery plug usually used on Car and Boat batteries (NiCd / NiMh) - Female & Male
- B4 - Bullet Connectors - Female & Male. Single wire connectors, available in a range of different sizes to suit current draw / load requirements from 2mm to 8mm
- B5 - HXT Connectors - Female & Male. Available in 3.5mm and 4.00mm sizes. Used for main battery connectors for medium / high power applications
- B6 - Traxxas Connectors - Male & Female. Mainly used on high current draw car and boat batteries
- B7 - XT60 Connectors - Male & Female. Used for high current draw battery connections
- B8 - EC3 Connectors - Male & Female. Used for high current draw battery connections
- B9 - Flight Power / Thunder Power (FP / TP) LiPo Balance Charger plug - Female & Male
- B10 - Hyperion / PolyQuest (HP / PQ) LiPo Balance Charger plug - Female & Male
- B11 - JST-XHR (XH) LiPo Balance Charger plug - Female & Male
- B12 - JST-EHR (EH) LiPo Balance Charger plug - Female & Male
Check the below picture and list for an overview (kindly taken from Hobbywing - for having a local archive).
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Entered by admin on Thursday, 26 May 2016 @ 09:21:55
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 31369
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[ 41,037 bytes - image/jpeg ]
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The Status in RC Batteries gives a very fast overview on the actual real health of the LiPo pack. To make understanding easier, the explanation will be based on a real example - as shown below.
Battery: 1300mAh 3S1P 45C HobbyKing Nano-Tech
Status: FOM1.15, MP0.72, IR ~7mΩ σ2mΩ
We have here 4 values, FOM, MP, IR ~ and IR σ.
FOM tells us that from the expected 30C, we have more than expected. Good. 30C is a fictive value from experience. It is not linked to what the manufacturer promised us.
MP tells us that from the "promised" 45C we get only 72%. Bad
IR ~ average shows us 7mΩ per cell. There are way better cells out there. OK, but not excellent either.
IR σ is the Variance, telling us how many mΩ apart the individual cells are. Remember that the worst cell defines the overall state of the pack. In general, the smaller the σ value the better.
Warning
FOM0.02, MP0.06, IR ~111mΩ σ253mΩ
In case the IR ~/ IR σ are displayed in red color - it means the variance between the cells is higher than the cell average. This is an indication that one cell of the pack is way worse than all others and that this pack can explode if not charged using a Balancer-capable charger. Best would be to retire this pack ASAP!
More detailed explanation on each information type:
- FOM:
Figure of Merit is a calculation that uses measured cell internal resistance and normalizes it to cell capacity. It is very useful when comparing packs of different sizes and from different manufacturers
The meaning is as below, taking into account that a FOM=1 means a 30C Cell able to deliver 30C based on the cell with the highest IR.
- FOM < 1: below average < 30C capable
- FOM == 1: average - 30C capable
- FOM > 1: good - More than 30C capable
- FOM >> 1: outstanding - much more than 30C capable
- MP:
Manufacturer's Promise is there to tell us if the C-Rating of the LiPo pack is actually accurate.
Based on what the Manufacturer claims the pack is capable to deliver, we calculate the actual C-Rate based on the worst cell's Internal resistance. The relative number out of there tells us how good the C-Rating statement of the Manufacturer is.
- MP == 1: Very good. The proclaimed rating matches the mesured one
- MP < 0 : No good. The LiPo pack delivers less than claimed
- MP > 1 : Excellent - The LiPo pack delivers more than claimed
- IR ~: This is the Average Internal Resistance of all cells. Average value is taking into account how the cells are arranged (Serial or Parallel) and computes an overall average.
In the battery details view, the color will change accordingly depending on the overall IR of the pack.
- Green: IR < = 6mOhm : Excellent
- Yellow: 6mOhm < IR < = 12mOhm: Good/Reasonable
- Orange: 12mOhm < IR < = 20mOhm: Aging signs
- Red: 20mOhm < IR : Read for retirement
- IR σ: The variance of the Internal Resistance tells us how similar the cells internal resistance actually is. The smaller the IR σ, the better. The bigger the difference, and the older the cells probably are. Remember that the overall LiPo pack capability is defined by the worst cell in that same pack!
The danger of the IR difference is that cells will be discharged differently. The worst cell will generate most heat that needs dissipation in the pack, and reach lower voltage levels first. Also - if charged without balancer control the worst cell can very fast be overcharged which can cause an explosion of that cell.
utf8_general_ci
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 08 June 2016 @ 10:33:44
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 31217
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The Status in RC Batteries gives a very fast overview on the actual real health of the LiPo pack. To make understanding easier, the explanation will be based on a real example - as shown below. Note that not all data is always entered, so some values may not show up.
Battery: 1300mAh 3S1P 45C HobbyKing Nano-Tech
Status: FOM 1.15 @ 39 chrgs | Max I: 32A | chrg. 1.00C | IR ~7.00mΩ | IR σ 2mΩ @ 21°C | Real 32.53C | cap. 100.77%
- FOM tells us that from the expected 30C, we have more than expected. Good.
- 39 charge cycles so far - Max recommended continuous current draw is 32A
- Battery has been charged with 1C
- IR ~ average shows us 7mΩ per cell. There are way better cells out there. OK, but not excellent either.
- IR σ is the Variance, telling us how many mΩ apart the individual cells are. Remember that the worst cell defines the overall state of the pack. In general, the smaller the σ value the better. Note the temperature at which the IR measurement has been taken is recorded
- Real C is the calculated real C Rating based on the worst cell IR of the pack.
- 100.77% of the current that has been charged into the pack has been discharged. usually a higher value than 100% is due to temperature change of the pack during the process
Warning
FOM0.02, MP0.06, IR ~111mΩ σ253mΩ
In case the IR ~/ IR σ are displayed in red color - it means the variance between the cells is higher than the cell average. This is an indication that one cell of the pack is way worse than all others and that this pack can explode if not charged using a Balancer-capable charger. Best would be to retire this pack ASAP!
More detailed explanation on each information type:
- chrgs.: Actuall number of charge/discharge cycles of the Pack. In other words, how many times has this Pack been used.
- FOM:
Figure of Merit is a calculation that uses measured cell internal resistance and normalizes it to cell capacity. It is very useful when comparing packs of different sizes and from different manufacturers
The meaning is as below, taking into account that a FOM=1 means a 30C Cell (able to deliver 30C based on it's internal cell witrh the highest IR.
- FOM < 1: below average < 30C capable
- FOM == 1: average - 30C capable
- FOM > 1: good - More than 30C capable
- FOM >> 1: outstanding - much more than 30C capable
- MAX I: Regarding the estimate of the "Maximum recommended average current draw to prevent pack damage" - the max current is the square root of (6*capacity/IR)
The calculation of the FOM/Current draw were developed by Mark Forsyth and Wayne Giles. As always we emphasize that this is just a pragmatic rule of thumb based on extensive practical battery testing that seems to reflect practice fairly well over a wide range of LiPos and capacities - although some recent cells like the Turnigy Graphines do better than predicted. It has some theoretical basis in a maximum allowable % of energy dissipated internally (6 Watts/AmpHr) but we don't rely on a theoretical explanation. It is a purely empirical observation that has been surprisingly useful to date.
- Real: Computed value of the Real discharge capability of the pack using the IR of the worst cell in the pack. This is the real discharge capability of the pack.
Note: In case Real C Value is displayed in orange, it just means that this pack can be used above the recommended Max I!
- cap: percentage of capacity charged and extracted later. This is usually done doing charge/discharge cycles. Around 100% and the pack provides the same amount of capacity as has been put inside.
- chrg: Current used to charge the cells. 1C means that a pack with 1000mAh has been changed using 1A
- IR ~: This is the Average Internal Resistance of all cells. Average value is taking into account how the cells are arranges (Serial or Parallel) and computes an overall average.
In the battery details view, the color will change accordingly depending on the overall IR of the pack.
- Green: IR < = 6mΩ : Excellent
- Yellow: 6mΩ < IR < = 12mΩ: Good/Reasonable
- Orange: 12mΩ < IR < = 20mΩ: Aging signs
- Red: 20mΩ < IR : Read for retirement
- IR σ: The variance of the Internal Resistance tells us how similar the cells internal resistance actually is. The smaller the IR σ, the better. The bigger the difference, and the older the cells probably are. Remember that the overall LiPo pack capability is defined by the worst cell in that same pack!
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 08 June 2016 @ 12:04:03
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 30457
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Figure of Merit is a calculation that uses measured cell internal resistance and normalizes it to cell capacity. It is very useful when comparing packs of different sizes and from different manufacturers. The larger the calculated FOM, the better.
The meaning is as below, taking into account that a FOM=1 means a 30C Cell (able to deliver 30C based on it's internal cell witrh the highest IR.
- FOM < 1: below average < 30C capable
- FOM == 1: average - 30C capable
- FOM > 1: good - More than 30C capable
- FOM >> 1: outstanding - much more than 30C capable
Example calculator is here.
For more background information on FOM, go here: RC Groups Forum
Example calculation of FOM and its meaning from the rc-forum:
I calc C this way, C=370mV/capacity/IR, where 370mV is 1/10 of a lipo
cell's nominal voltage.
as an example my Turnigy 6S5000 has an IR of 2.4mohms/cell.
so it's C=370/5/2.4=30.8C.
or, 370000/5000/2.4=30.8
divide left & right by 30.8,
that's exactly 12000/5000/2.4=1.
It means a FOM=1 cell IS a 30C cell. a FOM=0.5 cell is a 15C cell....
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Entered by admin on Saturday, 04 June 2016 @ 15:20:14
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 30154
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The optimal environment for LiPo batteries depends on what you do with them.
- Optimal performance: 50 °C to 60 °C. This also means that this is the temperature at which the cell Internal Resistance (IR) is the lowest.
- Storage temperature: 10 °C to 20 °C. At 10 °C or below, do not charge the cells at more than 4.1V/Cell
The problem now is - as we can't heat up the cells to 50 °C for our testings - to find the coefficient to apply to the temperature at the moment of measuring the cells.
Quote found on the internet of someone having spent quite some time with this topic:
My personal internal resistance number for high performance cells is 12000 / cell capacity, when measured after stabilization at room temp (~21C) for 1 hour minimum.. Anything around or below this number I consider to be outstanding performance.
See the attached Graph for an idea on what influence temperatures have. Also - this graph was taken from the following thread
This is what the Computation will be based on, after applying the correction factor for the temperature.
The discussion can be found here
A very good article around RC LiPo can be found here: Understanding RC LiPo Batteries
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 01 June 2016 @ 14:22:01
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 29921
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Manufacturer's Promise is there to tell us if the C-Rating of the LiPo pack is actually accurate.
Based on what the Manufacturer claims the pack is capable to deliver, we calculate the actual C-Rate based on the worst cell's Internal resistance. The relative number out of there tells us how good the C-Rating of the Manufacturer is.
- MP == 1: Very good. The proclaimed rating matches the mesured one
- MP < 0 : No good. The LiPo pack delivers less than claimed
- MP > 1 : Excellent - The LiPo pack delivers more than claimed
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Entered by admin on Tuesday, 07 June 2016 @ 15:28:54
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 29783
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Regarding the estimate of the "Maximum recommended average current draw to prevent pack damage" - the max current is the square root of (6*capacity/IR)
The calculation of the FOM/Current draw were developed by Mark Forsyth and Wayne Giles. As always we emphasise that this is just a pragmatic rule of thumb based on extensive practical battery testing that seems to reflect practice fairly well over a wide range of LiPos and capacities - although some recent cells like the Turnigy Graphines do better than predicted. It has some theoretical basis in a maximum allowable % of energy dissipated internally (6 Watts/AmpHr) but we don't rely on a theoretical explanation. It is a purely empirical observation that has been surprisingly useful to date.
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Entered by admin on Saturday, 04 June 2016 @ 15:17:37
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Electronics - RC Models, # Hits: 29777
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In the event of an OS update, make sure you updat the borg-binary on the NAS too using:
~# pip3 install -U borgbackup
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Entered by admin on Tuesday, 05 June 2018 @ 10:18:47
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Internal private group - Server in SolLan, # Hits: 16179
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The problem lies in the Harddisk geometry the BIOS passes to the LILO loader. Unfortunatly, when booting from a normal install, you sometime get your Harddisks parameteres read in LBA, CHS or Large form, this due to the new read of the Partition tables when you changed the partition informations. If the BIOS gave in the harddisk geometry data in LBA, the system will reread the Harddisk geometry in CHS mode, thus the boot will fail.
So, to get this working right, go into the CMOS Setup of your Mainboard, and play around with the Translation Method. Mostly after this error to happen - LARGE or CHS will fix the problem.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 01 September 2005 @ 21:34:55
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 99479
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As configuration starting point - here is the setup as found on my server:
/dev/sda - Primary S-ATA drive
/dev/sdb - Secondary S-ATA drive
Note that both drives are master drives - as S-ATA does not handle Primary/Secondary stuff.
Having the System up and running - the partitions look like this - assuming they are setup already:
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/md0 380M 75M 267M 22% /
/dev/md1 76M 9.8M 63M 14% /boot
/dev/md2 2.9G 378M 2.3G 15% /home
/dev/md5 26G 11G 13G 48% /home/Share
/dev/md6 981M 132K 881M 1% /tmp
/dev/md3 2.0G 1.3G 476M 73% /usr
/dev/md4 4.4G 1.3G 2.7G 32% /var
Note that the Primary root partition is md0 and the boot partition md1. This will be important in the grub-configuration later on.
The following grub.conf file has the following features:
- Has several harddisks to boot from
- uses fallback to jump to the next harddrive in case the first one fails
- prepares the connection of a serial console, while also displaying all stuff on tty0
Assuming you have the following grub.conf file in your /boot partition - which is md1:
# Boot automatically after 30 secs.
timeout 50
# By default, boot the first entry.
default 0
serial --unit=0 --speed=115200 --word=8 --parity=no --stop=1
terminal --timeout=50 serial console
# Fallback to the second entry.
fallback 1
# Splash-Image...
# splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
# For booting with disc 0 kernel
title EpiaN (hd0,1)
kernel (hd0,1)/vmlinuz-2.6.13.2-EpiaN root=/dev/md0 devfs=nomount acpi=ht resume=/dev/md7 splash=silent read-only console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0
initrd=(hd0,1)/initrd-2.6.13.2-EpiaN.img
# For booting with disc 1 kernel
title EpiaN (hd1,1)
kernel (hd1,1)/vmlinuz-2.6.13.2-EpiaN root=/dev/md0 devfs=nomount acpi=ht resume=/dev/md7 splash=silent read-only console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0
initrd=(hd1,1)/initrd-2.6.13.2-EpiaN.img
# Mandrake Kernel
title linux-i686-up-4GB (hd0,1)
kernel (hd0,1)/vmlinuz-2.6.11-6mdk-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/md0 devfs=nomount acpi=ht resume=/dev/md7 splash=silent read-only console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0
initrd=(hd0,1)/initrd-i686-up-4GB.img
# Mandrake Kernel
title linux-i686-up-4GB (hd1,1)
kernel (hd1,1)/vmlinuz-2.6.11-6mdk-i686-up-4GB root=/dev/md0 devfs=nomount acpi=ht resume=/dev/md7 splash=silent read-only console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0
initrd=(hd1,1)/initrd-i686-up-4GB.img
# For booting with disc 0 kernel - Failsafe
title Failsafe (hd0,1)
kernel (hd0,1)/vmlinuz root=/dev/md0 devfs=nomount acpi=ht resume=/dev/md7 splash=silent failsafe read-only console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0
initrd=(hd0,1)/initrd.img
# For booting with disc 1 kernel - Failsafe
title Failsafe (hd1,1)
kernel (hd1,1)/vmlinuz root=/dev/md0 devfs=nomount acpi=ht resume=/dev/md7 splash=silent failsafe read-only console=ttyS0,115200n8 console=tty0
initrd=(hd1,1)/initrd.img
you would issue the following commands to install grub on your harddisks
grub> root (hd0,1)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd
grub> setup (hd0)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 16 sectors are
embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+16 p
(hd0,1)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
grub> root (hd1,1)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0xfd
grub> setup (hd1)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd1)"... 16 sectors are
embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /boot/grub/stage1 (hd1) (hd1)1+16 p
(hd1,1)/boot/grub/stage2 /boot/grub/grub.conf"... succeeded
Done.
That's it. You're done.
Please keep in mind - that the command "root (hdx,x)" determins where the /boot partition is to be found. In the grub.conf file - we're using the "hd0(0.1)/vmlinuz" to actually tell grub to get the kernel files etc. from that partition - which is not mounted - thus directly from "/".
Note the order of the bootable kernels. You'll notice that "title EpiaN (hd0,1)" comes first, then "title EpiaN (hd1,1)". Using the "fallback 1" statement make grub fall back to the second entry - in case the first one is not found - making the system kind of automatically boot the alternate raid-1 drive - in case drive 0 is dead.
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 26 September 2005 @ 20:04:21
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 99011
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The short version first:
- Status of your current setup Yuppers, if you would switch from your current RAID setup to
Software RAID, you would have to delete the RAID set in the controller-BIOS (results in complete data loss)
- MDK tools for RAID setup I don't know what RAID setup utilites come with MDK these days, but
you can take it as granted that the kernel comes with SW-RAID support.
As it goes for the relation between drives/partitions, logical
volumes and all that ... (lean back, relax, this is going to be lengthy
What you have found on the MDK forum is about what I was talking about
in my first post ("LVM"/"Software RAID").
In fact, "onboard hardware RAID" - as postulated by the motherboard
manufacturers - is in no way a hardware solution. It's a marketing
buzz-word, and indeed: you'd probably be better off with a genuine
linux software-RAID solution.
The linux SW-RAID-technique is what you might know from Windows as "Dynamic Volumes". Compared to the heapo-onboard solutions SW-RAID has some major advantages. The most interesting one is that you can use partitions for your RAID-volumes instead of whole drives. Time for some rotten ASCII-art, I say :)
Check a detailed explanation here
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 02 September 2005 @ 00:58:31
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98362
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Support for complicated wheel/button mice has come along nicely in Xorg. Gone are the days of using ImPS/2 or ExplorerPS2 protocols (both Microsoft) to talk to the mouse, we can now use the correct HID event device.
These instructions are for an MX700 mouse that is part of the MX Duo/Cordless Desktop MX bundle. See the note below about the difference between this and a standalone MX700
There are two places that configuration needs to be performed, firstly in the main Xorg config file, then in per-user xmodmap config files. We will start with the Xorg config file As root, load /etc/X11/xorg.conf into your favorite text editor and look for the mouse section. You want it to look more like this:
Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Configured Mouse"
Driver "mouse"
option "CorePointer"
option "Name" "Logitech MX700 cordless mouse"
option "Device" "/dev/input/mice"
option "Protocol" "ExplorerPS/2"
option "ZAxisMapping" "4 5"
option "Buttons" "7"
option "ButtonMapping" "1 2 3 6 7"
option "Resolution" "800"
option "Emulate3Buttons" "no"
EndSection
Note Finding the right USB device
The options "Dev Name" and "Dev Phys" are specific to the MX Duo/Cordless Desktop MX's dual receiver. If you have a standalone MX700 you can remove the "Dev Phys" option entirely and change the "Dev Name" option to the name of your mouse, as reported by cat /proc/bus/usb/input/devices
Looking at the mouse you might ask why I have configured 10 buttons when it clearly only has 8. The answer is that scroll-up and scroll-down both count as buttons, so it is 10. Three button emulation is disabled because this mouse has 3 main buttons and the 800dpi resolution option is probably ignored, but in theory should be possible.
The second file we must edit is a per-user configuration file. In each user's home directory, create a file called .Xmodmap with the following in it:
pointer = 1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 4 5
This should ensure that the scrolling buttons are correctly configured when X is loaded, however, if scrolling does not work you may need to run xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap (or place that command in an X startup script).
Restart X and you should have working scrolling and mouse button mapping tools should be able to use the extra buttons.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 07 January 2007 @ 22:37:12
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98254
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Most of the time - you can still access the proc-file system, and access the sysreq-trigger file
issue the command:
echo b > /proc/sysrq-trigger
and, using b as command, it will reboot your System.
Check the attached file for a complete description
Here the commands you could use.
'r' - Turns off keyboard raw mode and sets it to XLATE.
'k' - Secure Access Key (SAK) Kills all programs on the current virtual
console. NOTE: See important comments below in SAK section.
'b' - Will immediately reboot the system without syncing or unmounting
your disks.
'o' - Will shut your system off (if configured and supported).
's' - Will attempt to sync all mounted filesystems.
'u' - Will attempt to remount all mounted filesystems read-only.
'p' - Will dump the current registers and flags to your console.
't' - Will dump a list of current tasks and their information to your
console.
'm' - Will dump current memory info to your console.
'v' - Dumps Voyager SMP processor info to your console.
'0'-'9' - Sets the console log level, controlling which kernel messages
will be printed to your console. ('0', for example would make
it so that only emergency messages like PANICs or OOPSes would
make it to your console.)
'f' - Will call oom_kill to kill a memory hog process
'e' - Send a SIGTERM to all processes, except for init.
'i' - Send a SIGKILL to all processes, except for init.
'l' - Send a SIGKILL to all processes, INCLUDING init. (Your system
will be non-functional after this.)
'h' - Will display help ( actually any other key than those listed
above will display help. but 'h' is easy to remember :-)
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 21:33:20
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98226
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[ 10,208 bytes - text/plain ]
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After installing the kernel-source rpm - perform the following steps:
# cd /usr/src/linux
# make mrproper
# make cloneconfig
# make modules_prepare
after that - you can compile an external module
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 16 April 2006 @ 23:52:09
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98124
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All of the configuration for the keyboard is performed within the main Xorg config file. As root, load /etc/X11/xorg.conf into your favorite text editor and look for the keyboard section. You want it to look more like this:
Section "InputDevice"
Identifier "Logitech Elite Keyboard"
Driver "keyboard"
Option "CoreKeyboard"
Option "XkbRules" "xorg"
Option "XkbModel" "logiinkseusb"
Option "XkbLayout" "us"
Option "XkbVariant" "intl"
EndSection
The logiinkseusb is not strictly the exact map for this keyboard, but it is awfully close and it is included in Xorg, so there is no need to start editing complicated xkb files. You will want to change the XkbLayout option to the correct country code for your keyboard.
Restart X and you should be able to map all the buttons on your keyboard with the correct names, using something like Gnome's Keyboard Shortcuts preferences item
Kindly taken from the following Howto
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 07 January 2007 @ 22:36:17
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 98060
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To have a standard E-Mail Header view with scrollbar while using Thunderbird to read E-Mails - get the Header Scroll Extension and add the following to the default configuration of thunderbird: Edit - Advanced - General - Config Editor and add the following Integer Value: mail.headerScroll.maxheight with a value of 100.
Will make mail reading way easyer.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 15 October 2006 @ 22:29:01
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 97977
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TCPDump
tcpdump -i [Network-Device] host [IP-Address]
In case you want to filter more specifically, b.e. filter on host and protocol, use this
tcpdump -i [Network-Device] -x 'ip host [hostname] and port http'
Ethereal Note that newer versions are called wireshark for the GUI Based tool, the CLI based tool is called tshark - replace were appropriate
tethereal -i [Network-Device]
If you want to limit on a specific IP-Address, b.e. your workstation IP, use the following
tethereal -i [Network-Device] -R ip.addr==[IP-Address]
and if you have the webserver running on a different port as 80 - tell ethereal what tcp-port to interprete as http traffic with the following
tethereal -i [Network-Device] -d tcp.port==[Port-Nr],http -R ip.addr==[IP-Address]
Another easy way to filter is:
tethereal -i [Network-Device] host [host-IP] and port [Port-Nr.]
If you want to dump the output to a file - append: -w output.dump to these strings - and you'll have all data dumped to these files - you can later read/open with ethereal for analisys.
IPtraf - provides you an easy way to identify non clean traffic. This means, even if tethereal and tcpdump show you some data, iptraf will not show you a packet count increase in case the data is valid, e.g. a wrong setup VLAN (Unidirectional traffic, missing parts of the tcp/ip traffic messages etc.
In case you have https-traffic to monitor - you can use ssldump to have a look at the traffic. this troubleshooting method is also very keen in case you see loads of ssl-decode errors. Try out the following:
ssldump -ni eth1 -d -k [pem-key] host [host-ip]
A very keen solution is to also tunnel the traffic from your workstation into an internal machine - to have a specific IP-Address to filter through the advanced recorder. This can be reached by using ssh in tunnel mode from your local machine (note that you'll need a local cli-based ssh solution on the workstation you are working from:
ssh -L [client-IP]:[client-Port]:[remote-IP]:[remote-port]
once done - connect to the application by using http://localhost[client-port]
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 21 October 2008 @ 09:43:36
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 95492
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Boot into a ubuntu "try" mode or whatever linux system that provides you the possibility to manipulate the harddisk.
You first need to prepare the environment
root@ubuntu:~# mkdir /sda
root@ubuntu:~# mount /dev/sda3 /sda # this is the / of the existing system
root@ubuntu:~# mount -o bind /dev /sda/dev
root@ubuntu:~# mount -o bind /proc /sda/proc
root@ubuntu:~# chroot /sda /bin/bash
[root@ubuntu /]# mount /dev/sda1 /boot
Then - Install GRUB
[root@ubuntu /]# grub
GNU GRUB version 0.95 (640K lower / 3072K upper memory)
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word, TAB
lists possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB lists the possible
completions of a device/filename.]
grub> root (hd0,0)
Filesystem type is ext2fs, partition type 0x83
grub> setup (hd0)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage1" exists... no
Checking if "/grub/stage1" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/grub/e2fs_stage1_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /grub/e2fs_stage1_5 (hd0)"... 16 sectors are embedded.
succeeded
Running "install /grub/stage1 (hd0) (hd0)1+16 p (hd0,0)/grub/stage2 /grub/grub.conf"
\ ... succeeded
Done.
grub>quit
[root@ubuntu /]#
After that - undo whatever you have done in reverse order
[root@ubuntu /]# umount /boot
[root@ubuntu /]# exit
root@ubuntu:~# umount /sda/proc
root@ubuntu:~# umount /sda/dev
root@ubuntu:~# umount /dev/sda3
If you reboot - you should see a grub prompt as usual.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 15 October 2010 @ 11:25:36
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 88527
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Sometimes, on old systems, we need to mount a samba-share.
Create a file: /etc/cifs.pwd with
~#touch /etc/cifs.pwd
~#chmod 600 /etc/cifs.pwd
And add in that file the login/password file. Content Format is very simple - as follow:
username=smbuser
password=smbpassword
Password/username is in cleartext !
After that - you can mount the share as root with:
~#mount -t smbfs -o credentials=/etc/cifs.pwd //REMHOSTIP/remotedir /localdir
In this example, /remotedir is the remote Directory/Share and /localdir is the local Directory you mount it in on your local file system. This localdir needs to exist on you local machine.
Example:
Assume the Samba Host is: 192.168.101.56
Remote Share is: /smbtmp
Local mount Directory is: /mnt/smbtmp
We would have:
~#mount -t smbfs -o credentials=/etc/cifs.pwd //192.168.101.56/smbtmp /smb/smbtmp
To make it easy - you add the data to the /etc/fstab file.
//192.168.101.56/smbtmp /mnt/smbtmp smbfs credentials=/etc/cifs.pwd
With this, a simple: "~#mount /mnt/smbtmp"
is be enough to mount the samba share.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 16 November 2010 @ 11:08:52
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Linux General - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 88134
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So - why should I do something to have a different FAN control on my system ?
Well - quite simple. Under heavy load - my system does not seem to increase the FAN speed - even when the CPU Core's are at 75C, the FAN Speed is at about 2500RPM. I can manually tell the system to increase this - but I want it to be done automatically.
For this - I have written a little script - that can be run as daemon applesmc.sh. Check the attached file section.
What you need is a newer kernel supporting the applesmc kernel module.
To be sure this module gets loaded at boot time - enter it into the /etc/modules file - this in a Kubuntu 7.04 system as example. For my mac mini - here are the modules I load at boot:
# /etc/modules: kernel modules to load at boot time.
#
# This file contains the names of kernel modules that should be loaded
# at boot time, one per line. Lines beginning with "#" are ignored.
msr
applesmc
Once this module loaded - use the macmini-fan and applesmc daemon scripts to set it up on boot. See the setup below:
sudo cp applemsc.sh /usr/bin
sudo cp macmini-fan.sh /etc/init.d/macmini-fan
sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/macmini-fan /usr/bin/applemsc.sh
sudo update-rc.d macmini-fan defaults
sudo /etc/init.d/macmini-fan start
To check the FAN Status - call that script with the status parameter:
applesmc.sh -s
WARNING: The programs come as they are. They may brake your machine if not used correctly and I will take no responsibility for anything that happens to your computer, environment or whatever burns down !
Always use applesmc.sh daemon script to shutdown itself invoking
applesmc.sh -k
The macmini-fan script does this already on shutdown.
The reason is very simple. When beeing active - this daemon disables the automatic fan control of the system - and takes over the monitoring (by default) by polling every 10seconds what the CORE temperatures look like. If you kill the daemon - it will try to catch the kill signal and issue a command to reset the FAN control to automatic - however this is not always possible...
You have been warned !
When the daemon has started correctly - you see some stuff like this in your syslog
(syslog logging is enabled by default. Havn't tried it without).
Sep 14 16:27:26 firebird applesmc: Version: 1.13 $ initialisation succeeded
Sep 14 16:27:26 firebird applesmc: Mode: manual - CPU 52C, FAN @ 2000RPM
Sep 14 16:30:06 firebird applesmc: CPU 57C, FAN @ 2000RPM > 2500RPM
Sep 14 16:31:26 firebird applesmc: CPU 52C, FAN @ 2500RPM > 2000RPM
Sep 14 16:32:36 firebird applesmc: CPU 66C, FAN @ 2000RPM > 2500RPM
...
Check the 2nd line stating Mode change to manual. When stopped - this has to change to auto !
Note the daemon will only log changes that would invoque a RPM change higher than a specified level (default is 500RPM).
A Daemon shutdown would look like this in syslog:
Sep 14 16:20:50 firebird applesmc[27266]: Daemon shutdown requested
Sep 14 16:20:50 firebird applesmc[27266]: Killed process 27002
Sep 14 16:20:50 firebird applesmc[27266]: Mode: auto - CPU 54C, FAN @ 2000RPM
while the console output would look like this:
# ./applesmc.sh -k
> applesmc Daemon shutdown requested
> applesmc Killed process 20139
> applesmc Mode: auto - CPU 51C, FAN @ 2000RPM
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 13 September 2007 @ 23:27:23
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 93919
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I have decided to give it a try after reading this.
Just make sure you install parted - and issue the command parted.
Do the following - if we assume the disk is sda:
parted /dev/sda
mklabel msdos
This will get rid of the GPT signature on the disk, and you can use a standard fdisk/cfdisk program to set up your paritions.
WARNING: Using the mklabel command with parted will erase all partition informations of your harddisk - and you will need to repartition it. If you are smart - you first take a look at the partition using fdisk - change the units - to have the display in sectors, After the parted operation - you can restore the partition informations with fdisk again.
#sudo fdisk /dev/sda
Command (m for help): u
Changing display/entry units to sectors
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sda: 60.0 GB, 60011642880 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7296 cylinders, total 117210240 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 40965749 20482843+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2 40965750 60500789 9767520 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 60500790 64709819 2104515 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda4 64709820 117210239 26250210 83 Linux
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 21 August 2007 @ 23:55:14
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 91710
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It is indeed possible. As the EFI (replacement of the BIOS) of the mac mini seems to have a fallback for default partition tables in case no GPT partition table is found - you can just delete the GPT signature as described in the related FAQ - create a new partition and install linux as usual. Kubuntu 7.04 runs very fine on my little machine here.
NOTE: As it is also possible to run windows XP on that Box - make sure you first create the Bootcamp Driver CD - before repartitioning the harddisk. The BootCamp Image requires MAC-OS X installed as only OS to create a DriverCD for Windows XP SP2 Prefessional.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 21 August 2007 @ 22:46:00
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 91277
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Actually - all you need to tell the sound-driver is which board-layout to load.
In the specific case of the mac-mini, edit the alsa configuration file in /etc/modprobe.d and add the following:
options snd-hda-intel model=macmini
This will tell alsa what in/out jacks you have.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 13 September 2007 @ 23:39:55
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 90971
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Check out the following 2 Links:
From the Lab: Core 2 Duo Mac mini tests
Mac mini Performance (August 2007)
Note that for the interactive use - make sure you take the fastest harddisk you find.
This makes - on even slower machine - really faster one (From the Interactivity feeling).
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 26 October 2007 @ 10:31:05
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 90796
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The following is a collection of what I have found on the Net. Take into account the the following mapping in case you use a keyboard:
Windows Macintosh
- CTRL -> COMMANDE
- ALT -> OPTION
- C : Forces most Macs to boot from the CD-Rom drive instead of the internal hard drive. Only works with Apple ROM drives and with bootable CD discs.
- D : Forces the first internal hard drive to be the startup disk.
- N : Netboot (New World ROM machines only) - Looks for BOOTP or TFTP Server on the network to boot from.
- R : Forces PowerBooks to reset their screen to default size (helpful if ve been hooked up to an external montior or projector!)
- T : Target Disk Mode (FireWire) - Puts machines with built-in FireWire into target Disk mode so a system attached with a FireWire cable will have that device show up as a hard drive on their system. Very useful for PowerBooks!
- Mouse Button Held Down : Ejects any mounted removable media.
- Shift : Disables all extensions (Mac OS 7-9), or disables
Login items when using Mac OS X 10.1.3 or later. Also works when booting Classic mode up just like you were using the OS natively.
- Option : When using an Open Firmware "New World ROM" capable system, the System Picker will appear and query all mounted devices for bootable systems, returning a list of drives & what OS they have on them. On "Old World" systems the machine will simply boot into s default OS without any Finder windows open.
- Space bar : Brings up s Extension Manager (or Casady & s Conflict Catcher, if installed) up at startup to allow you to modify your extens
ion set.
- Command-V : Boots Mac OS X into "Verbose Mode", reporting
every console message generated during startup. Really shows s going on behind
the scenes with your machine on startup!
- Command-S : Boots Mac OS X into "Single User Mode" - helpful to fix problems with Mac OS X, if necessary.
- Command-Option : Rebuilds the Desktop (Mac OS 7-9).
- Command-Option-P-R : Erases PRAM if held down immediately
after startup tone. Your machine will chime when s erased the PRAM, most people
will hold this combination for a total of 3 chimes to really flush the PRAM out.
- Command-Option-N-V : Erases NVRAM (Non-Volatile RAM). Used
with later Power Macintosh systems mostly.
- Command-Option-O-F : Boots the machine into Open Firmware
(New World ROM systems only).
- Command-Option-Shift-Delete : Forces your Mac to startup from its internal CD-ROM drive or an external hard drive. Very helpful if you have a 3rd party CD-ROM drive that is not an Apple ROM device.
- Command-Option-Shift-Delete-#(where #= a SCSI DEVICE ID) :
Boot from a specific SCSI device, if you have your 3rd party CD-ROM drive set
to SCSI ID 3, you would press "3" as the # in the combination.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 09 July 2008 @ 17:24:46
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 89078
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The following beep codes have been found so far.
The beep codes were revised in October 1999,[2] and have been the same since. In addition, on some models, the power LED would flash in cadence.
- 1 beep = no RAM installed
- 2 beeps = incompatible RAM types
- 3 beeps = no good banks
- 4 beeps = no good boot images in the boot ROM (and/or bad sys config block)
- 5 beeps = processor is not usable
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 06 October 2008 @ 12:02:57
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 87765
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as I do have a mac-mini in tripple boot configuration, I wondered how to get my bluetooth keyboard to work using all operating systems at the same time. For windows, many howto's have been written out there (google). For linux though, emptines is what you get. So - it took me a long time to understand how it works and find a way to get it to work. In fact, the entire trick consists in reading the plist file on the mac-side, and decode it so that the linux side can read it too.
We will first need to find the blued.plist file on the Mac OS-X filesystem you have previously mounted under linux.
Get it from [MountPoint-OS-X-System]/private/var/root/Library/Preferences/blued.plist.
Download the attached file plutil.pl into the same directory, and execute it under linux OS.
~# ./plutil.pl blued.plist
plutil.pl v1.5
Old: blued.plist, from: binary, to: text
Found .plist
TryName: blued.text.plist
TryName: blued.text.plist
BinaryToXML:
Offsets are 1 bytes
Object Refs are 1 bytes
There are 9 objects in the file
The top object is at 0
The Offset Table is at offset 126
Int Lengths = 10
Misc Lengths = 37
String Lengths = 63
Unique Strings = 4
oVal=37755725973e42848271a0bf2743e00d
buf=
N3VXJZc+QoSCcaC/J0PgDQ==
oVal=b8767b7d6422049a32ce75b4ab6c4e33
buf=
uHZ7fWQiBJoyznW0q2xOMw==
In the same directory you will find now a file blued.text.plist. It has all required information we need for further processing.
All you need to do now is to identiy the keyboard.
I did find (code modified):
(key)58-b0-35-81-28-6e(/key)
(dict)
(key)00-1f-20-05-0a-2c(/key)
(data)
N3VXJZc+QoSCcaC/J0PgDQ==
(/data)
(key)00-1f-20-07-38-e4(/key)
(data)
uHZ7fWQiBJoyznW0q2xOMw==
(/data)
(/dict)
For that, hit the Connect button on the keyboard and make sure it's in discoverable mode.
~$ hcitool scan
Scanning ...
00:1F:20:05:0A:2C Logitech MX5500 Keyboard
that's it. Look up the keyboard MAC Address (here 00:1F:20:05:0A:2C) in the bluez.text.plist file, and use the assigned (data) value to convert.
Convert it with:
~# echo -n "N3VXJZc+QoSCcaC/J0PgDQ==" | base64 -d | hexdump -C
00000000 37 75 57 25 97 3e 42 84 82 71 a0 bf 27 43 e0 0d |7uW%.>B..q..'C..|
00000010
and you're done.
All you have to do now is to put that HEX Value into the linkkeys file.
On an ubuntu 11.10 it is /var/lib/bluetooth/58:B0:35:81:28:6E/linkkeys. Just replace the value after the correct identifier:
00:1F:20:07:38:E4 B8767B7D6422049A32CE75B4AB6C4E33 0 4
00:1F:20:05:0A:2C 37755725973E42848271A0BF2743E00D 0 8
you're done.
NOTE that you see it also in the Oval output of the plutil.pl, however you still don't know which device it belongs to.
BTW - in case you need to access the keyboard in a kind of emergency, just putting the keyboard in discoverable mode and hit:
~$ sudo hidd --connect 00:1F:20:05:0A:2C
you can access it without key.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 23 December 2011 @ 10:31:24
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 81126
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[ 23,196 bytes - application/x-perl ]
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Found a script on the internet that does just that: itunes2m3u.py
Download the script, and make sure you find the iTunes Music Library.xml file. Copy both into the same directory, make sure you have python installed on your Linux machine, and execute the scripte with the iTunes Music Library.xml as argument:
~$ ./itunes2m3u.py iTunes\ Music\ Library.xml
It will dump all existing playlists in the iTunes library file as m3u files.
Import these into Amarok, and you're done.
Source for this script can be found here.
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 23 October 2010 @ 19:06:56
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Linux on Apple Hardware - Apple Mac-mini, # Hits: 79315
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[ 7,882 bytes - text/x-python ]
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This comes from the fact that the QNap SNMP Daemon shows the number of blocks, and the block size is set to 4 - if the default block-size is 1024.
Use a multiplier on the MRTG Line to have the correct partition size displayed.
e.g.:
Target[nas_md0_data]: 1.3.6.1.2.1.25.2.3.1.5.33&1.3.6.1.2.1.25.2.3.1.6.33:[COMMUNITY]@[IP-Address] * 4000
This will correct the data output. Of course - if you can do that on the RRD tool display, it would be easier. BTW - if the data is coming in as counter - use 4096 - to adapt to byte-counter.
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 23 August 2010 @ 16:20:08
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Linux on QNAP Hardware - QNAP SS839 NAS, # Hits: 60816
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This can happen when the Disks won't spin up fast enough. Even if enough disks spin up - it can be quite bad, as it will run in degraded mode or mount the spare-drive into the Raid 5.
Best thing to do, is to login remotely into the SS839 device, and issue the rboot command. This will trigger a warm-boot, and most disks will be hopefully back up.
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 23 August 2010 @ 16:13:02
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Linux on QNAP Hardware - QNAP SS839 NAS, # Hits: 60716
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Actually - you can't. Well - it doesn't really make sense to keep the backup archives on the RouterBoard hardware. If it brakes - we want to be able to restore the backup's - right ? So - what we need - is an external system we dump the backups onto - which is going to do the backups.
First of all - we need to create a scheduler run on the routeros
/system scheduler
add comment="Scheduler backup dump" disabled=no interval=1d name="Backup"
on-event="/system backup save name=daily_backup run"
start-time=01:01:00
This will take care of the automatic configuration backup.
Next - as we don't want everyone to access the routerboard to download the backup-file - we need to add a backup group and user, and set appropriate access rights.
/user group
add name="ftp" policy=ftp,!local,!telnet,!ssh,!reboot,!read,!write,!policy,!test,
!winbox,!password,!web,!sniff
/user
add address=10.X.X.X/32 comment="Backup User - to gain backups of the router
config" disabled=no group=ftp name="backup"
Add a password for the user backup. You'll need it later on.
Make sure that the address 10.X.X.X/32 is the IP-Address of your Linux Backup-server.
So - only the user backup user from that IP-Address can access the routerboard through ftp.
On the server - you need curl installed. For this - b.e. on an Ubuntu system, issue
~#sudo aptitude install curl
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Reading extended state information
Initializing package states... Done
Building tag database... Done
The following NEW packages will be automatically installed:
libcurl3
The following NEW packages will be installed:
curl libcurl3
0 packages upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 357kB of archives. After unpacking 680kB will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n/?] Y
Writing extended state information... Done
Get:1 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com gutsy/main libcurl3 7.16.4-2ubuntu1 [182kB]
Get:2 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com gutsy/main curl 7.16.4-2ubuntu1 [175kB]
Fetched 357kB in 0s (541kB/s)
Selecting previously deselected package libcurl3.
(Reading database ... 141553 files and directories currently installed.)
Unpacking libcurl3 (from .../libcurl3_7.16.4-2ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
Selecting previously deselected package curl.
Unpacking curl (from .../curl_7.16.4-2ubuntu1_i386.deb) ...
Setting up libcurl3 (7.16.4-2ubuntu1) ...
Setting up curl (7.16.4-2ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for libc6 ...
ldconfig deferred processing now taking place
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
Reading extended state information
Initializing package states... Done
Writing extended state information... Done
Building tag database... Done
However - as it is insecure to provide scripts with passwords that can be seen inside the script or the process table - we'll use the .netrc file the curl program looks in for passwords. Create a file named .netrc in the home directory of the user who is going to perform the backups.
machine 10.X.X.X login backup password XXXXXXXX
Save the file - and make sure the mode is changed to 600 - e.g.:
~#chmod 600 .netrc
~$ ls -l .netrc
-rw------- 1 backup backup 48 2008-03-14 16:32 .netrc
You should now be ready for a first test. As we'll be using curl - let's do it with curl.
~$ curl -n ftp://backup@10.X.X.X/daily_backup.backup -o backup.config
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 293k 100 293k 0 0 1013k 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 1503k
Ok - the curl call works. All we need to do now - is to write a script and add it into the crontab of the local user. For the script - you can use the backuper.sh.
This script has the advantage that it has some checks included - and moans in case something is not working right. So - copy that file to /usr/local/bin on your Linux Server, and add the following into the user's Crontab:
0 20 * * * /usr/local/bin/backuper.sh
This will execute the script every day, 20Minutes after midnight and append the date in reverse order to the name - e.g. 20080317_RB153.backup for March 17th.
Now - it is quite useless to not handle these also for backups. But this would be out of the scope of the local FAQ Entry. Check the Stargate's Backup section for one possibility in handling these.
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Entered by smurphy on Monday, 17 March 2008 @ 09:39:58
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Linux on Routerboards - Routerboard RBxxxAH, # Hits: 97500
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Having a self-defending (Passive) web-site, I noticed that executing a script to actually close a firewall takes too long if the attack onto the website is executedthrough parallel requests.
Even though one can limit the WebServer and the firewall to allow only a certain number of communication channels in, it is not enough - as firewalls tend to let pass already opened sessions. This part will require the firewall to actively terminate open connections from the offending IP Address.
This is exactly what the attached script does. It uses the routerOS phpAPI to connect to the firewall and directly lock (during the request) the remote IP out and at the same time terminate all open connections that may be coming from that IP. This script is just an example on how to do it. Everyone can adapt it for himself.
Note: The attached script is just a prototype. On my site it has been integrated into a function and is called on demand.
Results are as follow [IP does not exist in blacklist yet]:
> Entered IP 10.10.10.246 into blacklist
- Removed active connection *8D41 [10.10.10.246:62000 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8D4D [10.10.10.246:62001 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8D55 [10.10.10.246:3000 -> 172.168.0.2:53]
- Removed active connection *8D59 [10.10.10.246:61997 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8D5B [10.10.10.246:61999 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8D62 [10.10.10.246:61996 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8D75 [10.10.10.246:61998 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
Results are as follow [IP does exist in blacklist]:
!!! failure: already have such entry in firewall [IP 10.10.10.246]
- Removed active connection *8C7A [10.10.10.246:61921 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8C7B [10.10.10.246:61920 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8C7C [10.10.10.246:61919 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8C7D [10.10.10.246:61918 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8C7E [10.10.10.246:61923 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
- Removed active connection *8C7F [10.10.10.246:61922 -> 172.168.0.2:80]
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Entered by admin on Friday, 22 April 2016 @ 15:47:34
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Linux on Routerboards - Routerboard RBxxxAH, # Hits: 29468
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[ 3,487 bytes - application/octet-stream ]
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The 2.6.13 kernel requires an updated vt1211 driver. Using an old vt1211 driver gives
a kernel "Oops" when sysfs files are accessed to monitor the hw.
A patch for 2.6.13 is available at http://hem.bredband.net/ekmlar/linux-2.6.13-vt1211.patch.txt
or attached to this FAQ here.
This patch is to be applied to a plain-kernel 2.6.13.
You'll find more informations on that page...
you can alternatively also grab a copy of the plain vt1211.c file -
The driver can be built manually with:
echo "obj-m := vt1211.o" > Makefile
make -C /path/to/your/kernel2.6/source/dir SUBDIRS=$PWD modules
The patch also works with kernel 2.6.13.2.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 20 September 2005 @ 23:52:42
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 118606
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[ 34,161 bytes - text/plain ] [ 30,614 bytes - text/x-csrc ]
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This one took me some time to find out.
LinuxBIOS v2 contains a flash utility called "flash_rom". It can be found under LinuxBIOS - in the package under freebios2/util/flash_and_burn.
This utility can be used to flash the bios instead of awdflash.
# ./flash_rom --help
The arguments are:
usage: ./flash_rom [-rwv] [-c chipname] [-s exclude_start] [-e exclude_end] [file]
-r: read flash and save into file
-w: write file into flash (default when file is specified)
-v: verify flash against file
-c: probe only for specified flash chip
-s: exclude start position
-e: exclude end postion
If no file is specified, then all that happens
is that flash info is dumped
A tipical flash-session would be:
./flash_rom -r test.bin
The arguments are:
-r
test.bin
Calibrating timer since microsleep sucks ... takes a second
Setting up microsecond timing loop
260M loops per second
OK, calibrated, now do the deed
Enabling flash write on VT8235...OK
Trying Am29F040B, 512 KB
probe_29f040b: id1 0x24, id2 0xa6
Trying At29C040A, 512 KB
probe_jedec: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
Trying Mx29f002, 256 KB
probe_29f002: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
Trying SST29EE020A, 256 KB
probe_jedec: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
Trying SST28SF040A, 512 KB
probe_28sf040: id1 0x24, id2 0xa6
Trying SST39SF020A, 256 KB
probe_jedec: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
SST39SF020A found at physical address: 0xfffc0000
Part is SST39SF020A
Reading Flash...done
Get the new Bios - and burn it with:
# ./flash_rom -w epiam_116_fixed.bin
The arguments are:
-w
epiam_116_fixed.bin
Calibrating timer since microsleep sucks ... takes a second
Setting up microsecond timing loop
252M loops per second
OK, calibrated, now do the deed
Enabling flash write on VT8235...OK
Trying Am29F040B, 512 KB
probe_29f040b: id1 0x24, id2 0xa6
Trying At29C040A, 512 KB
probe_jedec: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
Trying Mx29f002, 256 KB
probe_29f002: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
Trying SST29EE020A, 256 KB
probe_jedec: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
Trying SST28SF040A, 512 KB
probe_28sf040: id1 0x24, id2 0xa6
Trying SST39SF020A, 256 KB
probe_jedec: id1 0xbf, id2 0xb6
SST39SF020A found at physical address: 0xfffc0000
Part is SST39SF020A
Programming Page: 0063 at address: 0x0003f000
You should then reread the installed bios from Flash - and compare it against the one you have just uploaded using:
diff <newfile> <oldfile>
There should be no difference between the files !
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 98977
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First of all - I had most problems due to a not working firmware. So try out different versions of Firmware. The one working for me can be found here. Find other firmware links and more documentation under the SpeedLink page.
Also - it is very difficult to actually find decent informations. I found some kind Help on the conexant Maillinglist
Please Note that this FAQ refers to setting up a Link in Germay - using a Annex-B module, however it should also be valid for other Annex-Modules.
Also - as you are installing a quite complex hardware on a complex system - I assume you know how to patch/compile/install kernels and configure a ppp-link - and won't go into details here.
So - let's go for it. Download the conexant usbatm patches for the 2.6.14.x kernels on the project page. Unpack these into the right kernel-source directory:
cd /usr/src/linux
tar jxf ~/usbatm-20050216.tar.bz2
drivers/usb/atm/cxacru.c
drivers/usb/atm/Kbuild
drivers/usb/atm/Kconfig
drivers/usb/atm/usbatm.c
drivers/usb/atm/usbatm.h
Kernels 2.6.14.5 and higher already have the conexant drivers - so don't apply the patch if you use a newer version.
Configure the kernel to have support for the Conexant Chipset.
Device Driver -> Networking Support -> Networking Options ->
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) (EXPERIMENTAL)
Classical IP over ATM (EXPERIMENTAL)
[*] Do NOT send ICMP if no neighbour (EXPERIMENTAL)
LAN Emulation (LANE) support (EXPERIMENTAL)
Multi-Protocol Over ATM (MPOA) support (EXPERIMENTAL)
RFC1483/2684 Bridged protocols
[*] Per-VC IP filter kludge
Device Driver -> USB Support ->
Support for USB
......
--- USB Host Controller Drivers
EHCI HCD (USB 2.0) support
[ ] Full speed ISO transactions (EXPERIMENTAL)
[ ] Root Hub Transaction Translators (EXPERIMENTAL)
OHCI HCD support
UHCI HCD (most Intel and VIA) support
Connexant Accessrunner USB support
B.e. you can use the following kernel-config for a 2.6.12.x kernel. Copy that file into your kernel-source root directory and perform a make oldconfig. Compile and install the kernel and the modules.
The Firmware is kind of the most tricky part. For this -
download the firmware extracter, and compile it
cd /usr/src
mkdir fw-extract
cd fw-extract
wget http://www.elektrorevue.cz/clanky/05041/cxacru-fw-ng.tar.gz
tar xzf cxacru-fw-ng.tar.gz
make
You can also get a local copy of the firmware extractor attached to this FAQ, then download & extract the latest firmware
wget http://www.atlantis-land.com/firmware/1863_DriverWinMultiV099.085WAN.zip
unzip 1863_DriverWinMultiV099.085WAN.zip
mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/firmware
./cxacru-fw CnxEtU.sys /usr/local/lib/firmware/cxacru-fw.bin
as a backup option - check out the latest copy I found - find it in the
download section of this site.
Alternatively - take the already extracted Firmware suitable for Linux linked to this site here.
After that - find out where your hotplug system looks for firmware. Mine checks under /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware - and that's where I'll copy the firmware.
cp cxacru-fw.bin /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware
This done reboot your system and check you have informations about your modem. The following message should show up during the boot process:
device class 'firmware': registering
bus usb: add driver cxacru
bound device '2-2:1.0' to driver 'cxacru'
usbcore: registered new driver cxacru
usb 1-1: new full speed USB device using uhci_hcd and address 3
cxacru 2-2:1.0: found firmware cxacru-fw.bin
cxacru 2-2:1.0: ADSL line: attemtping to activate
cxacru 2-2:1.0: ADSL line: down
cxacru 2-2:1.0: ADSL line: attemtping to activate
cxacru 2-2:1.0: ADSL line: channel analysis
cxacru 2-2:1.0: ADSL line: up (7168 kb/s down | 640 kb/s up)
Checking the proc-filesystem for the proper devices to exist - you should find:
cat /proc/net/atm/cxacru:0
ADSL USB MODEM (usb-0000:00:07.3-2)
MAC: 00:05:b4:12:57:68
AAL5: tx 38291 ( 0 err ), rx 58395 ( 0 err, 0 drop )
Line up
This shows - the modem is up and has a Link. Now - as I'm using PPPoE - I need to make sure the right modules are loaded for the br2684 module which enables a bridging connection with br2684ctl to run PPPoE over ATM.
modprobe br2684
Make sure it is loaded at boot-time. On a Debian-System - add the line to the file /etc/modules
echo br2684 >> /etc/modules
Install the br2684ctl tools. Under debian:
apt-get install br2684ctl
will do the trick. Find out what VPI/VCI your provider is using. In Germany - it's VPI=1 and VCI=32 at 1&1. To activate it - I wrote the following little script br2684_up.sh:
#!/bin/sh
PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
export PATH
# Build a little while loop - to check if the conexant modem
# has a ADSL Line up
count=0
while [ $count -lt 40 ]
do
sync=`cat /proc/net/atm/cxacru:0 | grep 'Line up'`
[ "$sync" = "Line up" ] && break
sleep 1
count=$((1+$count))
done
if [ "$sync" = "Line up" ]
then
br2684ctl -b -c 0 -a 1.32
sleep 3
ifconfig nas0 172.16.2.6 netmask 255.255.255.248
fi
The while loop waits at least 40seconds until the cxacru-driver has synced to the telco - after that it will set up the bridge-interface to the ATM-device - which can be used by the pppd daemon.
Using the following file in /etc/ppp/peers/dsl-connection
noipdefault
defaultroute
user "UserName@domain.de"
noauth
updetach
usepeerdns
plugin rp-pppoe.so
nas0
hide-password
# Override any connect script that may have been set in /etc/ppp/options.
persist
mtu 1492
# RFC 2516, paragraph 7 mandates that the following options MUST NOT be
# requested and MUST be rejected if requested by the peer:
# Address-and-Control-Field-Compression (ACFC)
noaccomp
# Asynchronous-Control-Character-Map (ACCM)
default-asyncmap
I can call the connection using: pppd call dsl-connection
Note that you'll have to configure quite more stuff, especially to make the connection come up at boot time. On my debian system - I have copied the br2684_up.sh script to /etc/ppp, configured the ppp-connection using the pppoeconf package - and adapted the /etc/network/interface file to reflect the correct pppd-call. Make sure the br2684ctl is loaded at boot before the ppp is started.
auto dsl-connection
iface dsl-connection inet ppp
provider dsl-connection
pre-up /etc/ppp/br2684_up.sh
# please do not modify the following line
pre-up /sbin/ifconfig nas0 up # line maintained by pppoeconf
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:54
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 98893
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Usually, you would use the Flitedeck utility from VIA. However - this one is deprecated, and won't work on the new plattform.
The problem with the Hush-PC is that it has no Floppy drive connected to it. If you try a USB-Floppy drive, it won't work either - the awdflash utility will deactivate all USB stuff _before_ reading the new BIOS in - thus cutting the tree it's sitting on.
Solution: Burn a Bootable CD-rom. for this -you need a Floppy-bootdisk image. With a Cd-Writing utility - copy all DOS-Files onto the CD, add the awdflash.exe utility and the new BIOS.bin file on it. Then go to the next step to add the bootable Image (Use the Floppy-Image) and you're done.
Boot from the CD - and once done - type in the following command:
awdflash.exe BIOS.bin /py/sn/cd/cp/tiny
and you should be done. Note that this should work with future and old versions of BIOS's.
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 97341
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Get the newest snapshot from the CVS repository under:
http://at76c503a.berlios.de/cvs.html
Unpack the archive in /usr/src/ - assuming you have already compiled the kernel version 2.6.12.4-EpiaV (Adapted in the Makefile of the kernel-source directory)
tar xzvf at76c503a-cvsroot.tar.gz
mv at76c503a CVS
cvs -d `pwd`/CVS co at76c503a
cd at76c503a
make KERNEL_VERSION=2.6.12.4-EpiaV
make KERNEL_VERSION=2.6.12.4-EpiaV install
/sbin/depmod -ae -F System.map 2.6.12.4-EpiaV
Note that you don' t need to specify all kernel-related version stuff when already running the kernel you compiled the driver against.
I have found out that there are several Firmware Versions available for this WLan Module - and I still don't know where I got the latest version - but in case someone looks for it - check it out firmware version 1.103.2 #175.
Please note that I tested it with USB device ID: 03eb:7605 only.
Note that some people have reported version 1.103.2 not to work on their hardware. In that case - use firmware version 1.101.0 #84. This version seems to work almost everywhere.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:53
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 96759
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Actually - the lm_sensors 2.7.x package performs a quite good identification of the existing hardware. On my system - the following modules need to be loaded using a 2.6.12 kernel - in the /etc/sysconfig/lm_sensors:
MODULE_0=i2c-viapro
MODULE_1=i2c-isa
MODULE_3=eeprom
MODULE_4=via686a
Make sure you use the ISA Bus, as the SMBus uses the lm80 Chip/Module which provides only Junk data.
Also - the /etc/sensors.conf file looks like this:
chip "via686a-*"
label "1.5V" "CPU core"
label "2.5V" "+2.5V"
label "3.3V" "I/O"
label "5.0V" "+5.0V"
label "12V" "+12V"
ignore fan1 #"CPU Fan"
ignore fan2 #"P/S Fan"
label temp1 "CPU Temp"
label temp2 "SYS Temp"
ignore temp3 #"SBr Temp"
set temp1_hyst 50
set temp1_over 55
set temp2_hyst 55
set temp2_over 60
set temp3_hyst 60
set temp3_over 65
That provides me decent data on the System. Note that the mini-ITX-Lex system is passive cooled - so no FANs.
After creating the sensors.conf file - run "sensors -s" and you should be done.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:52
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 96717
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[ 64,986 bytes - text/plain ]
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This results from the Fact that TV-Out has a maximum resolution of 1024x768 using the CLE266 Overlay Capabilities. So - in case you're using the Frame-Buffer device to run X-Windows, make sure in the BIOS you deactivate the TV Out in the CMOS-Setup, Advanced Chipset Features/Select Display Device - just use CRT.
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 96477
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The Lex 860A EPIA 5000 board uses the 533MHz C3 CPU. By loading the longhaul module - you can throttle the CPU. Note that it became stable with kernel 2.6.11.11 only on my system.
So - all you need to do is enable the longhaul by loading the longhaul module:
modprobe longhaul
Check using the dmesg command to see if it loaded correctly.
If this works - make sure the longhaul module gets loaded at every boot. For this - just add "longhaul" and "cpufreq_powersave" into the /etc/modules file.
Using the longhaul stuff - make sure you use under a 2.6.12.4 kernel-module (as configured in config-2.6.12.4) with the userspace-governor eabled by default - then change to:
# cd /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq
cpufreq # ls
affected_cpus
scaling_available_frequencies
scaling_governor
cpuinfo_cur_freq
scaling_available_governors
scaling_max_freq
cpuinfo_max_freq
scaling_cur_freq
scaling_min_freq
cpuinfo_min_freq
scaling_driver
scaling_setspeed
cpufreq # modprobe cpufreq_powersave
cpufreq # cat scaling_available_governors
powersave userspace
echo powersave > scaling_governor
cpufreq # cat scaling_cur_freq
399000
That's it ...
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:52
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 96448
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Actually - what you see is the noise of many things going on on your system - it mostly happens on Harddisk Accesses, Sound-card playing music, Strong Network-Transfers etc.
- It has something to do with the Powerunit/Mass connection and the connection between the Screen and the Onboard graphic card
- Once you make sure the Case and the Mass of your Board is connected to the Generall Mass (in Germany it's called "Erdung"), this noise apparitions go away on your Screen
- It can also have something to do with the Powerunit not beeing strong enough - so you can try out a stronger Powerunit to see if it solves the problem
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 96398
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This is most probably due to the fact that you're using the wrong Sampling speed. It avered to work correctly when using the alsa-Drivers 0.9.x with x > 4 and 1.0.x with x < 2- but you'll have to recompile these. Under Mandrake however - these will only compile if you deactivate the verbose-printk stuff.
In the Alsa-Driver directory, compile it using:
./configure --disable-verbose-printk && make && make install
or you'll get unresolved dependencies. Once this is done, make sure the alsa drivers are loaded using dxs_support=3. In the /etc/modules.conf - this will look like:
# Sound Stuff
above snd-via82xx snd-pcm-oss
alias sound-slot-0 snd-via82xx
options snd-via82xx dxs_support=3
And it should work :)
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 96395
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[ 1,251 bytes - text/plain ]
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First of all - you need to realize that the CV860A has a Via C3 Ezra CPU which is a 486 Based CPU, with some Pentium extension. So most things will work.
The Installation will make no problems - however - as soon as you reboot the System - it will crash badly - especially if you have a USB Wireless Lancard using the Amtel Chipset (this was my case).
I found out - that the usb subsystem was the cause of the problems - so deactivating it on boot appending: nousb
to the lilo-command line - did the trick. What was required to do - was to deactivate the usb-uhci driver loading if the modules for the Wireless Interface was to be loaded (Which was the cause of the problem) and use the uhci module. Do this with changing the probeall USB line in the etc/modules.conf file to:
# Wireless Lan stuff
probeall usb-interface uhci
post-install usbvnetr /bin/fastvnet.sh
This will fix the Crash.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:52
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 96372
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Mandrake has the correct lm_sensors version in - however - the sensors_detect perl-script needs to be updated to find the correct chip. You can get that script here:
http://www2.lm-sensors.nu/~lm78/cvs/lm_sensors2/prog/detect/sensors-detect
A local copy is attached to this FAQ entry.
Once run - you need to make sure that the following modules are loaded through /etc/sysconfig/lm_sensors
MODULE_0=i2c-viapro
MODULE_1=i2c-isa
MODULE_2=eeprom
MODULE_3=vt1211
After that - adapt the /etc/sensors.conf file - Check mine in the related files section of this FAQ. Note that the Mini-ITC Nemiah M10000 seem to have only one temperature sensor. All others give back Junk.
Check the entire setup by starting it through
/etc/rc.d/init.d/lm_sensors start
After that - a sensors output should provide something like this:
eeprom-i2c-0-50
Adapter: SMBus Via Pro adapter at 0500
Algorithm: Non-I2C SMBus adapter
Memory type: DDR SDRAM DIMM SPD
Memory size (MB): 512
vt1211-isa-6000
Adapter: ISA adapter
Algorithm: ISA algorithm
VCore1: +2.31 V (min = +2.24 V, max = +2.74 V)
+5V: +4.71 V (min = +4.48 V, max = +5.49 V)
+12V: +11.78 V (min = +10.77 V, max = +13.15 V)
+3.3V: +3.28 V (min = +3.13 V, max = +3.45 V)
Proc Temp: +56.5C (limit = +65C, hysteresis = +60C)
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 96333
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The 2.6.2 kernel works well on the EPIA boards, but the patch is not as well developed as the 2.4 patch. First, start with a recent distribution - I used Fedora core 1. Download the 2.6.2 kernel from kernel.org. Next, download the 2.6.1 kernel patch. Don't worry - the 2.6.1 patch works with the 2.6.2 kernel source but we will have to create a symlink so that the patch finds the source tree. Next, extract and patch the kernel:
bash$ tar -xjf linux-2.6.2.tar.bz2
bash$ cd linux-2.6.2
bash$ gunzip -c ../via-v4l-1.4a-drm.patch.gz | patch -p1
If you have a more recent kernel - as the 2.6.11.5 - you don' t need to patch it - as all required patches are in the main kernel stream.
Next we have to configure the kernel. If you want, you can download this stripped down config file. Copy it to linux-2.6.2/.config and execute the make xconfig. The example config file is designed for a Nehemiah processor. If you are using an earlier processor then you must change the CPU type to C3. Then save and build.
bash$ make xconfig
bash$ make bzImage
bash$ make modules
bash$ su
Password:
bash# make modules_install
bash# make install
You should know how to modify your boot configuration to boot from the new kernel. Note that I have not been able to use the VESA framebuffer with the 2.6.2 kernel - the virtual terminals are blank. So boot in normal 80x25 mode. You will load the drivers manually (or edit your init scripts):
bash# /sbin/modprobe uhci-hcd
bash# /sbin/modprobe via82cxxx_audio
bash# /sbin/modprobe hid
bash# /sbin/modprobe agpgart
bash# /sbin/modprobe via_agp
bash# /sbin/modprobe via_v4l_drv
bash# /sbin/modprobe via
Also, you may need to edit your /etc/modules.conf file. The usb module has changed names, so you should have something like this:
alias usb-controller uhci-hcd
alias usb-controller1 uhci-hcd
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 96075
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The symptoms are always the same:
- HD LED steadily one
- HD harddrive not accessible (connected on IDE 2)
- rest of system keeps running (network devices ok, graphics & sound ok)
The following error-message will usually occure:
hdc: DMA timeout error
hdc: dma timeout error: status=0xd0 { Busy }
ide: failed opcode was: unknown
hdc: DMA disabled
ide1: reset: success
hdc: drive_cmd: status=0x51 { DriveReady SeekComplete Error }
hdc: drive_cmd: error=0x04 { DriveStatusError }
ide: failed opcode was: 0xb0
This is mostly due to the harddisk overheating.
Having a Lex-System at home - the harddisk is mounted over a chip that gets rather hot - circled in red in the following Picture:
Sometimes the system won' t recover from such thing - thus hanging and not beeing able to actually recover to access-mode on the disk.
If you're not on site to actually get that issue fixed on hot days -
set the CPU speed to 400MHz, FSB to 66MHz and make sure the harddrive does not get too hot.
It seems - the smart-capability of the HD did deactivate the Harddisk to protect it from damage - due to overheating.
Here is what I run to actually stabilise it:
service smartd stop
chkconfig --del smartd
smartctl --smart=off --offlineauto=off --saveauto=on /dev/hdc
hdparm -d1 -Xudma2 /dev/hda
Another thing that was found on the Web - under
http://www.directron.com/faqviaas.html
I am having trouble with a system using a VIA chipset including a 686b southbridge and a Creative Sound Blaster Live card.
When the 686b southbridge was first released, motherboard manufacturers and VIA discovered a problem when trying to transfer files between the primary and the secondary IDE channels on motherboards using ultra-DMA, when a Sound Blaster Live was plugged in and drivers activated. This issue was caused because too much noise is transferred across the PCI bus by the Sound Blaster Live driver set. In an attempt to fix this issue, some motherboard manufacturers modified their BIOS. In some instances, these modifications to the BIOS caused a data corruption error even when not using a Sound Blaster Live. VIA released a patch which resolves this issue, which is incoroporated in the 4in1 drivers from the 4.31 version onwards. Motherboard manufacturers were advised to change the modifications made to thier BIOS to elimate the data corruption issue. If you are experiencing data corruption or lock up when transferring files between two IDE drives:
- Make sure you have the latest BIOS from your motherboard manufacturer
- Make sure you have the latest 4in1 drivers
- Make sure when you set up your system that you install the 4in1 drivers both before and after you install the SBL to make sure that the drivers see your SBL and install the correct patch. The patch will only install if the SBL is installed.
Discussions about these issues can be found:
a. Via-Arena
b. Symaptico Epia Forum
c. Tryphon
d. Kernel Maillinglist
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:53
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 96048
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VIA VT8601A & VT82C686B EDEN on board CPU
Check the Manufacturer homepage details
CV860A Board Specs
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 19 August 2007 @ 00:01:53
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - CV860A / Lex Light, # Hits: 95701
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This is a known problem of the longhaul module on the SUSE system kernel. Make SUSE can not load the longhaul module - and you're safe.
For this - boot into the single-user mode - at the lilo-prompt - add the option:
init 1
Edit the file /etc/modules.conf or /etc/modprobe.conf and make sure the following line is in there:
alias longhaul off
If you want to remove the module completely - go to the /lib/modules directory - and issue the following command:
find . -name "longhaul*"
This will tell you where the longhaul module is located. Move it to a different location outside the kernel-version tree, or delete it - then you should be done. Reboot and enjoy...
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 94969
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it looks really cool. Check out details at Hush Technologies.
Please note that the version with M10000 Epia Board is not manufactured any more.
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:59
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 94794
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These drivers are for different use
- via_agp is needed to get agp working
- via is needed to get drm working.
If only via is loaded, drm will work, but will fail to acquire AGP, and instead use only the PCI path which for the driver you are trying to use is available only for root since it tries to access registers not even available for an insecure dri client.
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 23:57:58
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia M10000 / Hush, # Hits: 94728
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Usually, you would use the Flitedeck utility from VIA. However - this one is deprecated, and won't work on the new plattforms.
You can use a USB-Floppy drive now. Seems the BIOS has been improved - compared to the one on the M10000. Make sure the Write-Protection is removed: remove the jumper WP accordingly for the time to flash the BIOS.
Create a bootable dos-Disk - using Caldera-DOS 6.x here - put all required files on it. You can find some in www.bootdisk.com. Make sure you have a new version of the flash-tool (using version 829 here).
Boot from the floppy - and once done - type in the following command:
awfl829.exe BIOS.bin /py/sn/cd/cp
and you should be done. Note that this should work with future and old versions of BIOS's. Do not use the option /tiny on that one. Won't work.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 17 August 2005 @ 00:19:12
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 92503
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In the module-configuration file for lm_sensors - e.g. under
Mandrake 10.1 /etc/sysconfig/lm_sensors
Gentoo /etc/conf.d/lm_sensors
make sure the following modules are configured to be loaded. You'll require lm_sensors-2.9.1 at least for the display of sensor informations to be correct.
MODULE_0=i2c-viapro
MODULE_1=i2c-isa
MODULE_2=eeprom
MODULE_3=vt1211
The /etc/sensors.conf file has to be as in the attached sensors.conf file.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 02 September 2005 @ 23:28:10
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 91325
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The Epia SP8000E uses a 800MHz Nemiah core CPU. By loading the longhaul module - you can throttle the CPU (Tested with 2.6.11.6). Please note that there are many patches to the cpufrequency control - and many are unstable. If your System locks-Hard - you have a bad implementation :)
So - all you need to do is enable the cpu frequency scaling by loading the longhaul module and some governors:
modprobe longhaul
modprobe cpufreq_powersave
Check using the dmesg command to see if it loaded correctly.
If this works - make sure the longhaul module gets loaded at every boot. For this - just add longhaul and cpufreq_powersave into the /etc/modprobe.preload file.
Using longhaul - make sure your kernel was configured with the userspace-governor enabled by default - then change to:
root # cd /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/
cpufreq # ls
affected_ cpuinfo_cur_freq
cpuinfo_max_freq
cpuinfo_min_freq
scaling_available_frequencies
scaling_available_governors
scaling_cur_freq
scaling_driver
scaling_governor
scaling_max_freq
scaling_min_freq
scaling_setspeed
cpufreq # cat scaling_cur_freq
798000
cpufreq # cat scaling_available_frequencies
532000 598000 731000 798000 665000
cpufreq # echo 532000 > scaling_setspeed
cpufreq # cat scaling_cur_freq
532000
With the userspace governor activated
cpufreq # cat scaling_available_governors
userspace
The System will set the speed up to 800MHz in this special case - if required - and when idle again - go down with the frequency. In short - it will dynamically monitor the system load and regulate the CPU Frequency accordingly.
If you want to stick the system into powersave mode - load the cpufreq_powersave.ko module
cpufreq # modprobe cpufreq_powersave
cpufreq # cat scaling_available_governors
powersave userspace
echo powersave > scaling_governor
This will make the CPU-Frequency sticky at the lowest speed your CPU can run at - and hopefully lower the overall system power consumption and heat dissipation
This is what I have added to the system's /etc/rc.local file on my server - so it gets activated at every boot.
sleep 60
echo powersave > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpu0/cpufreq/scaling_governor
For those having a RedHat based system - you can use the following startup-script cpufreq.tar.gz. 2 Files are in there:
/etc/init.d/cpufreq
/etc/sysconfig/cpufreq
Edit the /etc/sysconfig/cpufreq and set your preferences - then:
init.d # ./cpufreq status
CPU Frequency Scaling deactivated !
stargate init.d # ./cpufreq start
Loading modules: longhaul, cpufreq_powersave
Setting gowernor to: powersave
Actual powerstatus: longhaul(powersave) @ 399000KHz
If this works - register it to the underlaying system issuing:
chkconfig --add cpufreq
chkconfig --list cpufreq
cpufreq 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
This will start the script at every startup.
Note that you can start the exact order by adapting the
chkconfig-line in the init.d/cpufreq script itself. It is set to be started after udev and iptables startup.
# chkconfig: 2345 05 90
If chkconfig does not exist on your system - you can of course create symlinks - as back in old times.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 02 September 2005 @ 23:33:37
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 91212
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Check the following files:
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 18 August 2005 @ 20:05:20
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 91177
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Here it is:
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 19 August 2005 @ 21:28:37
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 91161
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The VIA CN400 Chipset is designed to enable high quality digital video-streaming and DVD Playback in fanless operations mode.
Features are a Embedded UniChrome PRO 2D/3D Mpege-2 Decoder/MPEG-4 Accelerator, DDR400 support, motion compensation and duo-view support. Also - USB 2.0, Serial-ATA, 10/100 MBIt LAN and ATA133/100 IDE.
The Overall Layout looks like this:
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 02 September 2005 @ 21:12:12
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 90908
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I would have loved someone to answer me that question before I bought that case. The Short answer is: No
The case is nice - though the CPU temperature is going up to 70/80C. That might be OK for the CPU and motherboard - however - we have to take into account the other components in the system. The Harddisk or CDRom Drives will suffer from it. Especially harddisks start to fail when the temperature is over 60C - so at least the harddrive will require a FAN to operate.
Solution: Instead of the location for the 2.5" harddrive - put a 50mm FAN on the side which blows the air out of the case - you'll have to make a big hole on the side though. This keeps the System temperature below 45C which is sustainable for all the hardware inside.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 21 September 2005 @ 23:31:28
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Linux on VIA Epia Hardware - Epia SP8000E, # Hits: 90669
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This has mainly to do with the number of memory address lanes available to the system, and how the OS uses and addresses the memory itself. But first off - if you have 4GiBytes of Memory in your system, chances are you will see only 3.25GiBytes available.
This is mainly due to the fact, that all PCI/PCI-eX Devices allocate some memory for mapped IO Calls / DMA accesses, and to be able to access this reserved memory in a linear way, you need to be able to talk to these in 32 bit mode - thus the 4GiBytes limit. Note that the missing memory has been mapped by the physical extension cards starting from the upper 4GiByte limit downwards. Means the more memory a card allocates and the more extension cards you have, the more memory will be missing.
Even on 64Bit CPU/OS's combinations you may see this beheavior. Many extension cards still use 32Bit registers. These can only address the first 4GiByte linearly, thus allocate memory from 4GiByte on downwards - recreating the problems due to backwards compatibility.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 11 October 2007 @ 11:06:29
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META FAQ - META Questions, # Hits: 60470
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The mp3streamer is a very old code and was meant to be used internally (LAN) only. As it has seen no code submission over 10 years, the code has been removed from any system. Please find an alternative on the Internet... There are many.
Please remove any link you may have found.
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Entered by admin on Wednesday, 01 April 2015 @ 12:38:11
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META FAQ - PHP Phobos, # Hits: 37315
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The 3dpixmaps icon collection was put together back in 1998 to use on the Desktop of the Technical University in Berlin. It was later used by the SuSe distribution in conjunction with the fvwm Window Manager.
As that is a very long time, and the internet has developed quite many new icon-sets, this package can now retire.
Please remove any links you may find.
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Entered by admin on Wednesday, 01 April 2015 @ 13:00:20
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META FAQ - PHP Phobos, # Hits: 37278
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It is indeed possible to do this. However - the following will be required:
- XBMC must use the MySQL database setup
- Amarok must use the same Mysql DB xbmc is using
- the xbmc user has SELECT rights to the amarokdb.
- On the amarokdb - we have to crate a new view
- You are using the same media repository on both sides, means both amarok and xbmc will read the mp3 tags out of the same files.
If these requirements are met - migrating the data over from Amarok to xbmc is possible.
Note - the following examples are working on Amarok 2.7.0 and xbmc 12 (Frodo).
Modifications to be done on the XBMC DB. Here MyMusic32.
# View showing the real data
CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED VIEW `XTAPCount` AS select `song`.`idSong` AS
`Xid`,`song`.`strTitle` AS `XSTitle`,`album`.`strArtists` AS
`XARTName`,`album`.`strAlbum` AS `XALBName`,`song`.`iTimesPlayed` AS
`XPlaycount` from (`song` join `album`) where (`song`.`idAlbum` =
`album`.`idAlbum`);
We will need an intermediate table to store the local and remote playcounts.
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `XTAPCount_last` (
`LXid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`LXSTitle` varchar(512) NOT NULL,
`LXARTName` varchar(512) NOT NULL,
`LXALBName` varchar(512) NOT NULL,
`LXPlaycount` int(11) NOT NULL,
`LXpcdiff` int(11) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`LXid`),
KEY `LXSTitle` (`LXSTitle`(333)),
KEY `LXARTName` (`LXARTName`(333)),
KEY `LXALBName` (`LXALBName`(333))
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='Table to keep the playcount differences.';
The next view will actually show the differences in playcounts.
# View to show the differences in playcounts.
CREATE OR REPLACE
ALGORITHM = UNDEFINED
VIEW `XTAPCount_last_diff` AS
SELECT Xid, XSTitle, XARTName, XALBName, XPlaycount, LXPlaycount, (
XPlaycount - LXPlaycount
) AS XDiff
FROM XTAPCount_last, XTAPCount
WHERE Xid = LXid
AND (
XPlaycount NOT LXPlaycount
);
Let's insert the data for the first time. We take the values as they are
insert INTO XTAPCount_last(LXid, LXSTitle, LXARTName, LXALBName, LXPlaycount )
SELECT Xid,XSTitle,XARTName,XALBName,XPlaycount from XTAPCount;
Update the LXPlaycount (This is the initial run).
UPDATE XTAPCount_last SET LXpcdiff=LXPlaycount;
Let's prepare the same for the Amarok side.
# View showing the real data
CREATE ALGORITHM=UNDEFINED VIEW `ATAPCount` AS select distinct `tracks`.`id`
AS `Aid`,`tracks`.`title` AS `ASTitle`,`artists`.`name` AS
`AARTName`,`albums`.`name` AS `AALBName`,`statistics`.`playcount` AS
`APlaycount` from (((`tracks` join `statistics`) join `artists`) join `albums`)
where ((`tracks`.`id` = `statistics`.`id`) and (`artists`.`id` =
`tracks`.`artist`) and (`tracks`.`album` = `albums`.`id`)) order by
`statistics`.`playcount` desc;
Intermediate Table - where we will store local and remote (here) XBMC Playcount.
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ATAPCount_last` (
`LAid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`LASTitle` varchar(512) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL COMMENT 'Song Title',
`LAARTName` varchar(512) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL COMMENT 'Artist name',
`LAABName` varchar(512) COLLATE utf8_bin NOT NULL COMMENT 'Artist Name',
`LAPlaycount` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT 'Playcount',
`LApcdiff` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT 'Playcount difference to last time',
PRIMARY KEY (`LAid`),
KEY `LASTitle` (`LASTitle`(333)),
KEY `LAARTName` (`LAARTName`(333)),
KEY `LAABName` (`LAABName`(333))
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COLLATE=utf8_bin COMMENT='Table containing last play state.';
LAst but not least, the View to show the differences in playcounts.
CREATE OR REPLACE
ALGORITHM = UNDEFINED
VIEW `ATAPCount_last_diff` AS
SELECT Aid, ASTitle, AARTName, AALBName, APlaycount, LAPlaycount, (
APlaycount - LAPlaycount
) AS ADiff
FROM ATAPCount_last, ATAPCount
WHERE Aid = LAid
AND (
APlaycount LAPlaycount
);
Make the Initial data dump
INSERT INTO ATAPCount_last(LAid, LASTitle, LAARTName, LAABName, LAplaycount )
SELECT Aid,ASTitle,AARTName,AALBName,APlaycount from ATAPCount;
And put the playcount into the temporary Field LApcdiff (Amarok DB only here).
UPDATE ATAPCount_last SET LApcdiff=LAPlaycount;
Now comes the Sync Process. Depending on the number of lines you have in there, it may take some time. With 12K Songs - it takes around 12 Minutes for my DB's to sync.
Sync the Data Amarok -> XBMC
UPDATE MyMusic32.XTAPCount,ATAPCount_last_diff SET
MyMusic32.XTAPCount.XPlaycount=(MyMusic32.XTAPCount.XPlaycount +
ATAPCount_last_diff.ADiff) WHERE ASTitle=XSTitle AND AARTName=XARTName AND
AALBName=XALBName and ADIff > 0;
Once this is done - set the current state with:
UPDATE ATAPCount_last,ATAPCount set LAPlaycount=Aplaycount WHERE LAid=Aid;
Put the playcount into the temporary Field LApcdiff (Amarok DB only here).
UPDATE ATAPCount_last SET LApcdiff=LAPlaycount;
Sync the Data XBMC -> Amarok
UPDATE amarokdb.ATAPCount, XATAPCount_last_diff SET
amarokdb.ATAPCount.APlaycount=(amarokdb.ATAPCount.APlaycount +
XATAPCount_last_diff.XDiff) WHERE ASTitle=XSTitle AND AARTName=XARTName AND
AALBName=XALBName and XDiff > 0;
You're done.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 10 March 2013 @ 16:35:17
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Nothing Specific - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 65140
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The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software - to make sure the software is free for all its users. This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You can apply it to
your programs, too.
Note that there are 2 Version of the GPL - V2 and v3 that are used at the moment.
Check the Full Paper in the related Files Section.
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Entered by smurphy on Saturday, 18 August 2007 @ 22:56:22
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Nothing Specific - META Questions, # Hits: 63021
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As I searched for a domain name - I didn't find anything suitable for stargate (Server system). Everything was used already, but the abbreviation for the Solar System (solsys) did still exist.
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Entered by smurphy on Sunday, 17 June 2001 @ 02:00:32
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Nothing Specific - META Questions, # Hits: 62937
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Of course everyone knows that 1 Kilobyte equals to 1.024 bytes. Well - this is wrong !
A kibibit (a contraction of kilo binary digit) is a unit of information or computer storage, abbreviated Kibit, or sometimes Kib. (Note that the abbreviation is capitalized, while kbit is not.)
1 kibibit = 210 bits = 1,024 bits
1 kibibit = 27 bytes = 128 bytes
The kibibit is closely related to the kilobit, which can either be a synonym for kibibit, or refer to 103 bits = 1,000 bits, depending on context.
The National Institute of Science and Technologies notes that
it is important to recognize that the new prefixes for binary multiples are not part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system.
It should also be noted that they are not in general use among professional software and electrical engineers, who generally use decimal prefixes when referring to binary quantities.
In short - we need to make the difference between the Metric Prefix system - this one handles the comon Kilo naming convention, and the Binary prefix systems - which is the real definition for binary formats as found on harddisks.
The following table shows you the comon namings and sizes
Metric (Symbol) | Std. SI | Binary (Symbol) | Value |
kilobit (kb) | 103 bit | kibibit (Kibit) | 210 bit |
megabit (Mb) | 106 bit | mebibit (Mibit) | 220 bit |
gigabit (Gb) | 109 bit | gibibit (Gibit) | 230 bit |
terabit (Tb) | 1012 bit | tebibit (Tibit) | 240 bit |
petabit (Pb) | 1015 bit | pebibit (Pibit) | 250 bit |
exabit (Eb) | 1018 bit | exbibit (Eibit) | 260 bit |
zettabit (Zb) | 1021 bit | zebibit (Zibit) | 270 bit |
yottabit (Yb) | 1024 bit | yobibit (Yibit) | 280 bit |
BTW - same also applies to the Byte fraction
Metric (Symbol) | Std. SI | Binary (Symbol) | Value |
kilobyte (kb) | 103 byte | kibibyte (Kibyte) | 210 byte |
megabyte (Mb) | 106 byte | mebibyte (Mibyte) | 220 byte |
gigabyte (Gb) | 109 byte | gibibyte (Gibyte) | 230 byte |
terabyte (Tb) | 1012 byte | tebibyte (Tibyte) | 240 byte |
petabyte (Pb) | 1015 byte | pebibyte (Pibyte) | 250 byte |
exabyte (Eb) | 1018 byte | exbibyte (Eibyte) | 260 byte |
zettabyte (Zb) | 1021 byte | zebibyte (Zibyte) | 270 byte |
yottabyte (Yb) | 1024 byte | yobibyte (Yibyte) | 280 byte |
By looking at these 2 previous tables - you might ask yourself - but what is the difference. Well - really only if you handle Bytes or Bits. This is the main differenciator.
So - what does this mean for us ? Check for yourself with some examples:
Media | Metric System | Binary System |
100GB Harddisk | 100 Gigabyte | 93,1 Gibibyte |
DVD Rom 5 | 4,7 Gigabyte | 4,37 Gibibyte |
CD Rom | 700 Megabyte | 700 Mebibyte |
1 GB Ram | 1,074 Gigabyte | 1 Gibibyte |
USB Stick 8GB | 8 Gigabyte | 7,45 Gibibyte |
DSL 2000 | 2,0 Megabit | 1,91 Mebibit |
Memory Interface 256Bit | 256 Bit | 256 Bit |
Memory Interface 1.024Bit | 1,024 Kilobit | 1 Kibibit |
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 09 October 2007 @ 14:21:38
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Nothing Specific - META Questions, # Hits: 62103
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Note that the Incremental-Backups require a full-backup to be run first. The script will tell you this in case you try to run incremental backups without the system having performed a full-backup first.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 22:23:05
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74310
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Latest version of the backup-script can always be found in the download section:
Networking Tools / Basic scripts section on my site.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 23:16:22
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74306
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There are actually no known problems. One issue however remains - as on every backups software. When the file-list is generated for a backup - and the time to archive the file itself has come - sometimes several minutes lay between where b.e. a User could have deleted a mail in it's cyrus-Mail spool folder. You'll have a little warning message from the cronjob - that's it. The script will not stop working.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 15 February 2006 @ 22:19:33
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74250
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The mirror mode is actually a special case, where the mirror_list.cfg configuration file is used - which content usually is:
all;/
Note that the system will also honor the exclude_list ! even in mirror mode - this to prevent backuping stuff we don't require.
The mirror mode will make a backup of the entire system - required to restore it b.e. in case of a harddisk-crash. Backup of my own system is about 1.7GB.
Note that you might need to restore the /dev Directory by hand - as the find-process makes some junk from time to time in there.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 15 February 2006 @ 12:22:48
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74242
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Install the RPM-archive with:
rpm -Uhv stargate-backup-x.xx-xmdk.noarch.rpm
If you install the tar-file - make sure the files are in the following locations:
/etc/backup/backup.cfg
/etc/backup/backup_list.cfg
/etc/backup/exclude_list.cfg
/etc/backup/mirror_list.cfg
/etc/backup/nocompress.cfg
/etc/cron.d/Backup
/usr/bin/Backup.sh
/usr/share/doc/stargate-backup-1.35/GPL_V2.txt
/usr/share/doc/stargate-backup-1.35/README
/usr/share/doc/stargate-backup-1.35/stargate_backup.spec
/var/backup
Edit the /etc/backup/*.cfg files - and adapt to your needs.
Explanations are in there.
Make sure you have the Backup-Directory well defined.
Make a test with - as user root:
~#Backup.sh -f # for a full backup
~#Backup.sh -i # for an Incremental Backup - since last full backup !
The report will tell you where to find your backed-up archives.
If all runs fine - activate the Cronjob by editing the
/etc/cron.d/Backup file (Uncomment the respective lines and adapt times).
NOTE: First run a Full-backup - else the incremental backups will fail !
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 22:36:22
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74209
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First - find out what backup-file you do require in the so called list-file, e.g.:
bzip2 -dc system_www_2005-08-12_incr.list.bz | less
If you require only one specific file - extract it to a temporary directory - e.g.:
afio -i -Z -P bzip2 system_www_2005-08-12_incr.afio
Note - that you can get the options out of the regular backup-report you get:
*** Compression: yes (-Z -P bzip2 -Q -c)
If you add a supplementary -v -z - you'll also have some listing flying over your screen.
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 01 September 2005 @ 00:07:23
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74199
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The biggest problem with all the backup solutions that do exist require loads of hardware and resources to actually work. What I was looking for - was a small solution - not requiring loads of resources, simple to set up - and providing a reliable backup of important data. This is what Stargate's backup script is providing.
The main features of the system are:
- Compress files before writing them into the archive (e.g. you can recover part of the files if the archive is corrupt)
- Does not compress files that are already compressed. Speeds up the backup process. Also gives the possibility to choose specific file extensions to not compress.
- Ability to exclude files/directories using wildcards
- Generates a report - sent out to root through cron
The report also shows the actual configuration settings. Check out the attached example reports - taken from a real-backup environment
- Perform full,mirror and incremental backups (controlled through cron)
- Archive rotation is included, e.g. rotate archive X times before deleting them.
- Quiet mode operation if requested
- simple easy installation and configuration
- Script locking - to prevent the backup script is started more than once.
Requirements:
The following programs need to be installed - afio, bzip2, sed, awk, find, bash.
Any Linux system should have these installed (afio needs to be explicitely installed).
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 23:15:55
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74143
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The tar archive is a nice tool, used by many people - however has some specific restrictions.
As afio comes in with real-nice support for exclude files/firectories xxx, nocompress file with extension xxx etc. and compression of files before writing them into an archive - some of these features would have required to be explicitely programmed - which would have bloated the script - which IMHO I kept as simple as possible.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 23:16:46
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74122
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The following files do exist:
- backup.cfg
This is the general configuration file. You can configure the general beheaviour of the backup system, as setting defaults. Check the file itself for details.
- exclude_list.cfg
With this file - you define all files, directories you don't want to be included in the backup. wildcards (regular expressions) are allowed - Format is simple: one per line. Check the file for an example.
- mirror_list.cfg The mirror file list configuration. This for the mirror backup. Format is simple:
Directory/Name
This will result in a backup-file prefix of:
Name_YYYY-MM-DD_Type.afio
Name_YYYY-MM-DD_Type.list.bz
- backup_list.cfg
The regular backup-list. This is the list ofr directories/files done on a regular base. The System will perform Incremental/Full backups using this configuration file. Format is as before:
Directory/Name
This will result in a backup-file prefix of:
Name_YYYY-MM-DD_Type.afio
Name_YYYY-MM-DD_Type.list.bz
- nocompress.cfg
List of file-extensions to not compress. This is a nice thing - to define special file type to not beeing compressed. Note that the system will only handle that on the file-name extensions. Format is a space separated list on one line. check the file for an example.
To make all these work nicely together - a cronjob will schedule all these to make sure you always have a nice backup of important data laying around. Following time-schedules have proved to be OK for a Private home-system:
- 4h05am - Incremental every day - except on sunday mornings
- 4h05am - Full backup on sundays
- 7h05am - Mirror backup once the first of every month
Saved my Data more than once already !
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 31 August 2005 @ 22:32:55
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Questions on specific software - Stargate's Backup script, # Hits: 74032
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The Firefox release 3 has an issue many do not see as a security issue.
It actually downloads into the cache the first entry in a Google search it finds.
The only possibility howe ver to disable this - is to go through the about:config and search for:
network.prefetch-next
and set it's value to false.
NOTE: The browser does not ask you to do it. It just does it ...
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 27 May 2008 @ 09:03:42
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Ubuntu (Kubuntu,Ubuntu,Xubuntu) - Common Linux problems, # Hits: 96400
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Multimedia capabilities
- Select
System -> Adept Manager
- Search for
restricted
- Depending on your Ubuntu branch (Ubuntu/Kubuntu/Xubuntu), select
[branch]-restricted-extras and mark it to install. For Kubuntu by example - it would be kubuntu-restricted-extras .
compiz - or 3D Effects
If you want to enable the 3D Effects in Kubuntu - you'll need to install the following packages.
sudo aptitude install compiz compiz-kde emerald compizconfig-settings-manager fusion-icon
compizconfig-settings-manager will install loads of Gnome libraries - but that should not be the matter with nowadays harddisk sizes.
After installation is complete - go to Start -> System -> Compiz Fusion Icon and start it. Go with the right mouse button on it and start compiz.
Skype
- Select
Synaptic ->Repositories -> Third Party Software -> + ADD
- Paste this into the APT Line:
deb http://download.skype.com/linux/repos/debian/ stable non-free
- Then search for
Skype , check the corresponding box and then click Install
Google Earth / Desktop
- Download PGP Key : linux_signing_key.pub
- Select
Synaptic -> Repositories -> Authentication -> + IMPORT KEY FILE
- Browse to the directory where you downloaded linux_signing_key.pub and select that
- Select
Synaptic -> Repositories -> Third Party Software -> + ADD
- Paste into the APT Line:
deb http://dl.google.com/linux/deb/ stable non-free
- Click
Reload
- Then search for
Google and install the Google applications of your choice
VMware Server (Run Windows and Windows applications in Ubuntu 7.10)
- Register for a VMware Server serial number here.
- from terminal
sudo apt-get install build-essential
- download VMware Server for Linux - Binary (.tar.gz) here.
- from terminal cd dir to the downloaded file and type
tar zvxf VMware-server-1.0.4-56528.tar.gz
- from terminal
cd vmware-server-distrib/
- from terminal
sudo ./vmware-install.pl
- hit the
enter key for every question asked, if question doesn't accept the Enter key then select Yes .
- Run VMware Server by selecting
Applicatoins -> System Tools -> VMware Server Console
Virtual Box
Add one of the following lines according to your distribution to your /etc/apt/sources.list:
deb http://www.virtualbox.org/debian gutsy non-free
deb http://www.virtualbox.org/debian feisty non-free
deb http://www.virtualbox.org/debian edgy non-free
deb http://www.virtualbox.org/debian dapper non-free
The innotek public key for apt-secure can be downloaded here. You can add this key with
apt-key add innotek.asc
The key fingerprint is
6947 BD50 026A E8C8 9AC4 09FD 390E C3FF 927C CC73
innotek GmbH (archive signing key)
You will need to install some additional libraries on your Linux system in order to run VirtualBox - in particular, you will need libxalan-c, libxerces-c and version 5 of libstdc++. How to install these will depend on the Linux distribution you are using. On gutsy a
sudo aptitude install virtualbox
is enough.
Check the homepage of the virtualbox project for more details.
Multimedia stuff
as the VLC player - check out VLC media player for Ubuntu Linux homepage.
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Entered by smurphy on Friday, 19 October 2007 @ 20:40:39
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Ubuntu (Kubuntu,Ubuntu,Xubuntu) - Linux Distribution Specific, # Hits: 65150
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so - why use Microsoft Fonts ? Simple - most automated Tools generating these
Even if you use OpenOffice, you might still want all the Microsoft TrueType fonts so that documents created using Word or PowerPoint look as they were supposed to when you open them with OpenOffice. Also, with the Microsoft Fonts installed web browsing will be better since the pages will look as the designer originally intended them to. Most webpages are designed with Microsoft fonts in mind. The stylesheet specify these fonts. On Linux, when these specified fonts are not available on your computer, they are replaced with generic equivalents.
With these fonts installed, you will see the page as it was designed. To install the fonts, all you need to do in Ubuntu is to install the msttcorefonts package. Instructions for installation are given below.
The Truetype Microsoft fonts provided by the package include: Andale Mono, Arial Black, Arial (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Comic Sans MS (Bold), Courier New (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic) , Georgia (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Impact, Times New Roman (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Trebuchet (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Verdana (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic), Webdings.
Installing Microsoft and Liberation Truetype fonts on Ubuntu
You can install the MS core fonts by installing the msttcorefonts package. To do this, enable the Universe component of the repositories. After you do that, use the following command from the command line:
$sudo apt-get install msttcorefonts ttf-liberation
This will give you the core fonts, but if there are other TrueType fonts that you want installed, it is as easy as copying the font files to the ~/.fonts/ directory.
After installing new fonts, you will have to log out and log in again to be able to see and use the new fonts. If you want to avoid this, you can regenerate the fonts cache by issuing the following command:
$sudo fc-cache -fv
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Entered by smurphy on Thursday, 17 April 2008 @ 16:23:28
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Ubuntu (Kubuntu,Ubuntu,Xubuntu) - Linux Distribution Specific, # Hits: 64113
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The short answer is: yes.
Best is to boot using a xUbuntu live filesystem, and perform all partition information changes.
Check the following partition.
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 2550 20482843+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2 2551 3766 9767520 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 3767 4028 2104515 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda4 4029 24322 163006074 f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 4029 7296 26250178+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 7297 14591 58593750+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 14591 24322 78162050+ 83 Linux
Now - I want to add another OS - in my case - Mac OS-X. So - in case you want to add the hfs+ filesystem partition between sda1 and sda2 - you have to move all partition bigger 1 to partition + 1.
this would result in the following:
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 2550 20482843+ 7 HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sda2 2551 7415 39078112+ af Unknown
/dev/sda3 7416 10000 20764012+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda4 10001 24321 115033432+ 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 10001 10262 2104452 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/sda6 10263 13041 22322286 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 13042 19121 48837568+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 19122 24321 41768968+ 83 Linux
Now - to be able to boot up the move OS - you will need to modify 1 file, and recreate the initrd file.
For this - check the uid of the swap partition with:
$ sudo blkid | grep swap
/dev/sda5: TYPE="swap" UUID="0bb117bb-d03e-4674-99ef-97a3575ed8f1"
Check that the UUID in /etc/initramfs-tools/conf.d/resum matches the UUID just discovered. If not - change it.
After that - recreate the initrd file with:
sudo update-initramfs -c -k 2.6.24-19-generic
Make also sure that the parition UUID's as found in the /etc/fstab match the new real ones.
And you should be able to boot again normally.
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Entered by smurphy on Wednesday, 09 July 2008 @ 13:17:05
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Ubuntu (Kubuntu,Ubuntu,Xubuntu) - Linux Distribution Specific, # Hits: 63242
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View all the packages installed on a system
The easiest way to do it is:
dpkg --get-selections
List files which get installed by a package
-L is a handy parameter to dpkg which will show you what files a package will install.
dpkg -L package_name
In case the package is not installed - try out:
apt-file list file_name
You may need to install apt-file first though.
Upgrade your system using a one-liner
Type as root:
apt-get update && apt-get dist-upgrade
Sometimes you need to compile from source a newer version of an application which is already included in the repositories. For example, to install the development libraries for BasKet, you would run as root:
apt-get build-dep basket
Remove unused package files
When you install software using APT, the DEB packages are kept inside the /var/cache/apt/archives directory. In time, the size of it could get very large. To clean the unneeded files:
apt-get clean
In case you want to have some more details - check out this link
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 28 October 2008 @ 11:44:05
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Ubuntu (Kubuntu,Ubuntu,Xubuntu) - Linux Distribution Specific, # Hits: 62280
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This is not an issue. Just make sure you boot from a Live-CD, mount the Filesystems accordingly into 2 Directories like new and old, and copy all files over. I usually use the cp command like this:
~# cd /old
~# cp -aRv * /new
Whan that is done - younneed to fix 2 Things.
- All hard-disk UUID's have changed. Identify these using blkid. Check the FAQ
- Make sure you update the /etc/fstab and /etc/grub/menu.lst files with the UUID. If the fstab entry is wrong, you'll get a Kernel panic - cannot find root-FS. In case the Grub Entry is not fixed, you'll get an error 15, file not found when trying to boot the kernel from the boot-loader
At the end - you have to regenerate the the initial Ramdisk using mkinitramfs. Check the manpage/google for your specific OS Version.
After that - you should be fine booting again.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 17 March 2009 @ 09:07:19
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Ubuntu (Kubuntu,Ubuntu,Xubuntu) - Linux Distribution Specific, # Hits: 61088
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Many people are sending me notes that my site looks screwed when browsing on it using IE. Actually - the Internet Explorer is so buggy - that you have - as a web-site developer - to program around almost every new bug release of the Internet Explorer - so I decided to just skip it. All other browsers I am testing my site with - work flawlessly - as they at least respect the basics of HTML and CSS Programming!
The best bet is to at least set your screen resolution to 1280x1024 - this is what this site has been optimized for.
Remember - to have a secure site - you need to be able to read the code !
Adding exception for every IE Bug would make it unreadable.
Note - that seeing backgrounds of strange colors on the pictures is due to the fact that IE6 is not able to show transparent PNG files. Send a Mail to microsoft for that.
Note: Many people are telling that they can not log into my site with internet Explorer using the secured https mode. For your information - this website requires a Key Exchange using normal Diffie-Hellman, and an encryption level higher 128bit. It seems many Internet Explorer Versions can only handle 128bit - and not more. Hence - you will be locked out.
Why I do this ? If the limit imposed is set to 128bit - then secret services have more problems to decrypt higher encryption levels. This is what I call - Privacy !
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 18 March 2008 @ 16:24:38
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Website - PHP Phobos, # Hits: 85006
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Check the attached file for more details. Usually you'll see the content everytime you use an Edit Interface on this site.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 28 August 2007 @ 21:11:43
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Website - PHP Phobos, # Hits: 82134
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[ 1,997 bytes - text/html ]
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A release will be made available when it's ready.
Check the TODO list in the documentation section - and you'll see that a lot is still missing.
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Entered by smurphy on Tuesday, 05 February 2008 @ 21:33:55
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Website - PHP Phobos, # Hits: 82032
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